Smoking, behavioral factors and familial environment: a population based study with brazilian adolescents

Objective The present study was aimed at assessing the association between smoking and both behavioral and environmental factors among adolescents in the public school system in the city of Campina Grande (north-eastern Brazil).Methods An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out involving 574 schoolchildren aged 10 to 19 years old; it involved using a structured questionnaire addressing behavioral and environmental factors and smoking. The Chi-squared test and Fisher’s exact test were used for the statistical analysis (5 % level of significance).Results Smoking prevalence was 3.3 %. The lowest age regarding tobacco use for the first time was eight years old and the 11 to 14 year old age group had the greatest frequency of initiation into this habit (44.3 %); 84.3 % of tobacco users smoked between one and 10 cigarettes per day. Smoking was associated with delays in schooling (p=0.047), gender (p=0.016), alcohol use and frequency of alcohol use (p and lt;0.001) and the relationship with one’s father (p=0.014) and mother (p=0.004).Conclusions Despite the low prevalence, an early initiation into smoking was found, suggesting that educational campaigns should be directed towards younger age groups. Alcohol use stood out amongst the variables studied, suggesting that smoking is influenced by both its use and the intensity of consumption

Traumatismo dentário em pré-escolares: prevalência, fatores associados e impacto na qualidade de vida

OBJETIVO: Traçar um perfil epidemiológico dos traumatismos dentários (TD), os fatores associados a sua ocorrência, assim como verificar as suas repercussões na qualidade de vida de pré-escolares. MÉTODO: Foi realizado um estudo transversal randomizado de base populacional, com 814 crianças de três a cinco anos, matriculados em instituições públicas e privadas da cidade de Campina GrandePB,Brasil. Um estudo piloto foi realizado previamente para verificação da metodologia com 40 crianças, que não foram incluídas no estudo principal. Os dados foram coletados através de questionários enviados e preenchidos pelos pais, sobre dados sociodemográficos e o histórico de TD das crianças e também através da versão brasileira do Early Chilhood Oral health Impact Scale (ECOHIS). Os exames clínicos nas crianças foram realizados por três cirurgiões dentistas previamente calibrados (Kappa: 0,85 a 0,90), que utilizaram o critério de diagnóstico de TD proposto por Andreasen et al. (2007). Foram realizadas análise descritiva, análise univariada e regressão de Poisson múltipla ajustada. O nível de significância utilizado foi de 5%. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de TD foi 34%. O tipo de TD mais comum foi a fratura de esmalte (55%), sendo os incisivos centrais os dentes mais afetados (88,4%). Os preditores para o TD foram a renda familiar maior que um salário mínimo (RP:1,35; 95% IC: 1,06-1,74), presença de cáries nos incisivos (RP: 1,28; 95% IC: 1,00-1,64) e o overjet maior que 2mm (RP: 1,53; 95% IC: 1,21-1,94). A prevalência de impacto negativo na qualidade de vida das crianças foi 31,1% e na família de 24,7%. O TD não foi associado com o impacto na qualidade de vida. A percepção da saúde bucal das crianças pelos pais/responsáveis (R,: 1,210; 95% IC:1,027-1,426) e o histórico de dor de dente (RP: 4,997;95% IC:2,943-8,493) permaneceram no modelo final para a seção da criança, enquanto que apenas o histórico de dor de dente (RP: 2,791; 95% IC: 1,801-4,325) permaneceu para a seção da família. CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de TD foi elevada neste estudo. A renda familiar, a presença de cárie e o overjet foram associados ao TD. A presença de TD não causou impacto na qualidade de vida das crianças e das famílias, sendo o histórico de dor de dente a única variável com impacto negativo na qualidade de vida dos pré-escolares e de suas famílias.OBJECTIVE: To outline an epidemiological profile of traumatic dental injury (TDI) and associated factors, as well as to verify their impact on preschool children s quality of life. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional population-based randomized study with 814 children aged from three to five years, enrolled in public and private institutions in the city of Campina Grande, PB, Brazil. A pilot study was previously carried out to ascertain the methodology, comprising a total of 40 children whom were not included in the main study. Data were collected by means of questionnaires sent to and filled out by the parents, including sociodemographic data and children s history of dental trauma, and also by means of the Brazilian version of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS). Clinical examinations were performed by three dentists previously calibrated (Kappa: 0.85 to 0.90) using the diagnostic criteria for TDI proposed by Andreasen et al. (2007). Data were subjected to descriptive and univariate analysis and Poisson adjusted multiple regression, with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: The prevalence of TDI was found to be 34%. In addition, the most common TDI was enamel fracture (55%) and the central incisors were the most affected teeth (88.4%). The predictors for TDI were family income greater than one minimum wage (PR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.06-1.74); carious lesions in the incisors (PR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.00-1.64); and overjet greater than 2 mm (PR: 1.53, 95% CI: 1.21-1.94). The prevalence of negative impact on quality of life was 31.1% for children and 24.7% for families. There was no association between dental trauma and impact on quality of life. The perception of oral health by children and parents/legal guardians (PR: 1.210, 95% CI: 1.027-1 .426) and history of toothache (PR: 4.997.95% CI: 2.943-8 .493) were included in the final model for the section child, whereas only the history of toothache (PR: 2.791, 95% CI: 1.801-4.325) was included for the section family. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of traumatic dental injury was high in the present study. Household income, presence of carious lesions and overjet were associated with TDI. The occurrence of TDI did not impact children s and families quality of life, and the history of toothache was the only variable with a negative impact on quality of life of preschool children and their families

Parental influence on children’s answers to an oral-health-related quality of life questionnaire

Abstract The aim of the study was to evaluate parental influence on children’s answers to an oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) questionnaire. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a non-probabilistic sample of 84 pairs of 5-year-olds and parents/guardians. The participants were selected from a primary family healthcare center in Campina Grande, Brazil. First, the children and parents answered respective versions of the Scale of Oral Health Outcomes for Five-Year-Old Children (SOHO-5). Seven days later, the children answered their version of the SOHO-5, without the presence of their parents/guardians, and underwent a clinical exam of dental caries, traumatic dental injury and malocclusion, by a previously calibrated researcher. Statistical analysis involved a comparison of mean scores and the calculation of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Poisson regression models were used to associate the variables (α = 5%). No significant differences were found between the mean SOHO-5 scores of the children when alone or accompanied by parents/guardians (p > 0.05). The ICC between the answers of the children alone or accompanied was 0.84. White spot (PR = 6.32; 95%CI: 1.36 - 29.40) and cavitated lesions (PR = 9.81; 95%CI: 3.22 - 29.85) had an impact on OHRQoL, according to the children’s self-report, whereas cavitated lesions (PR = 90.52; 95%CI: 13.26 - 617.74) and anterior open bite (PR = 1.95; 95%IC: 1.07 - 3.53) remained on the final model, according to the parents’ version of the SOHO-5. In conclusion, parents did not influence the children’s responses, and dental caries are the oral health problem exerting the greatest impact on the children’s OHRQoL

Premature Primary Tooth Loss and Oral Health-Related Quality of Life in Preschool Children

The present study aimed to evaluate the association between premature primary tooth loss and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in preschool children. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 769 5-year-old preschool children. The children and their parents or guardians answered the Brazilian version of the Scale of Oral Health Outcomes for 5-Year-Old Children for the assessment of OHRQoL. Meanwhile, clinical examinations were performed for the assessment of premature primary tooth loss. Unadjusted and adjusted multilevel Poisson regression models were utilized to investigate the associations between the variables. In the parental version of the scale, premature posterior primary tooth loss (rate ratio [RR] = 2.65; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.51–4.68), weak sense of coherence (RR = 2.25; 95% CI = 1.62–3.11), and visit to a dentist (RR = 1.61; 95% CI = 1.04–2.52) were associated with OHRQoL. Based on the children’s perceptions, only the preschool type was associated with OHRQoL (RR = 1.92; 95% CI = 1.21–3.05). Premature posterior primary tooth loss had a greater impact on OHRQoL based on the parents’ perception, whereas only the preschool type was associated with OHRQoL based on the children’s perception

Prediction factors for failure to seek treatment following traumatic dental injuries to primary teeth

The objective of this study was to evaluate prediction factors for failure to seek treatment following a traumatic dental injury (TDI) to primary teeth among preschool children in the city of Campina Grande, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was carried out involving 277 children 3 to 5 years of age, with TDI, enrolled in public and private preschools. Parents filled out a form addressing demographic data and whether or not they had sought treatment. Clinical examinations were performed by three dentists who had undergone a calibration exercise (Kappa: 0.85 to 0.90) for the evaluation of TDI. Bivariate and multivariate Poisson regression models were constructed (α = 5%). Enamel fracture was the most prevalent type of TDI (48.7%) and the upper central incisors were the most affected teeth (88.4%). The frequency of seeking dental treatment was low (9.7%). The following variables were associated with failure to seek treatment following TDI: a household income greater than one minimum wage (PR = 1.170; 95%CI 1.018-1.341), parents/caregivers’ perception of a child’s oral health as poor (PR = 1.100; 95%CI 1.026-1.176), and the non-perception of TDI by parents/caregivers (PR = 1.250; 95%CI 1.142-1.360). In the present study, the frequency of seeking treatment following TDI was low, and parents/caregivers with a higher income, a poor perception of their child’s oral health and a lack of awareness regarding the trauma were more likely to fail to seek treatment following TDI to primary teeth