Struktur von exotischen Kernen und überschweren Elementen in der Mesonen-Feld-Theorie

In this work the nuclear structure of exotic nuclei and superheavy nuclei is studied in a relativistic framework. In the relativistic mean-field (RMF) approximation, the nucleons interact with each other through the exchange of various effective mesons (scalar, vector, isovector-vector). Ground state properties of exotic nuclei and superheavy nuclei are studied in the RMF theory with the three different parameter sets (ChiM, NL3, NL-Z2). Axial deformation of nuclei within two drip lines are performed with the parameter set (ChiM). The position of drip lines are investigated with three different parameter sets (ChiM, NL3, NL-Z2) and compared with the experimental drip line nuclei. In addition, the structure of hypernuclei are studied and for a certain isotope, hyperon halo nucleus is predicted.Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird die Struktur von exotischen und überschweren Kernen mit Hilfe eines relativistischen Ansatzes untersucht, bei dem die relativistische Mesonen-Feldtheorie eine zentrale Rolle spielt. Bei dem relativistischen mean-field (RMF) Modell wird die Wechselwirkung der Nukleonen miteinander über den Austausch verschiedener effektiver Mesonen (Skalar, Vektor und Isovektor-Vektor) beschrieben. Das exakte Dichtefunktional des stark wechselwirkenden Systems wird angenähert, indem die mesonischen Felder auf ihre gemittelten Feldwerte begrenzt werden. In den meisten RMF Rechungen wird weiterhin die no sea Näherung verwendet, das heißt, antinukleonische Freiheitsgrade werden nicht berücksichtigt. Es wurde gezeigt, dass das RMF Modell ähnlich flexibel und vielseitig ist wie nicht relativistische Modelle mit dem Vorteil, dass einige relativistische Effekte, wie zum Beispiel die Spin-Bahn Wechselwirkung, automatisch auftreten und das RMF Modell die Kernsättigung erklären kann. Die Elemente mit geraden Ladungszahlen Z (von 8 bis 120) und ihre Eigenschaften für alle möglichen, geraden Neutronenzahlen wurden untersucht und mit drei verschiedenen Sätzen von Parametern (ChiM, NLZ-2 und NL3) berechnet. Mit Hilfe der RMF Theorie und drei verschiedenen Parametersätzen haben wir die Eigenschaften und Synthesemöglichkeiten von exotischen und überschweren Kernen im Bereich bis zur Dripline untersucht. Kenntnisse über Kerne weit ausserhalb des Bereichs der exotischen Kerne können nicht nur dabei helfen, die Elementhäufigkeit auf der Erde zu verstehen, sondern auch Aufschluss über die Entwicklung von Materie im Universum geben. Die RMF Theorie mit dem ChiM Parametersatz kann nicht nur für normale Kerne sondern auch für Hyperkerne benutzt werden. Dazu wurden die Rechnungen für exotische Kerne mit hinzugefügten Lambda Hyperonen wiederholt. Ein besonderer Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit ist die Untersuchung von Protonen- und Neutronenreichen Kernen bis zu den Proton- und Neutron-Driplines. Wir haben eine systematische Untersuchung von 1661 Kernen durchgeführt um zum ersten Mal überhaupt die Hypothese der axialen Deformation von gerade-gerade-Kernen (8 < Z < 100) mit unterschiedlichen Neutronenzahlen im Rahmen der RMF-Theorie mit dem ChiM Parametersatz zu überprüfen. Den Abschluss dieser Arbeit bildet die Untersuchung von überschweren Kernen. Die RMF Theorie mit den drei unterschiedlichen Parametersätzen (ChiM, NL3, NL-Z2) wird besprochen. Der Grundzustand der überschweren Kerne variiert mit dem Parametersatz, das ergibt eine Berechnung der Potentialhyperflächen

Mapping Neutron and Proton Drip Lines

We investigate the position of the neutron and proton drip lines in the framework of the RMF theory with two different parameter sets (NL3 and ChiM). We study the nuclear structure property of all nuclei within the proton and neutron drip lines with the parameter set (ChiM). We compare our theoretical calculation of the drip line nuclei with the experimental data. The boundaries of hypernuclear chart are investigated in spherical calculation as the extensive study for our present work

Neutron Skins in Sn and Pb Nuclei

The Relativistic Mean Field (RMF) theory is applied to calculate the root mean square (rms) radii of the neutron and proton density distributions. The NL3 and NL-Z2 effective interactions are used in the mean field Lagrangian. The RMF theory predicts the existence of neutron skins in Sn and Pb nuclei from the observation of the density profile and the rms radii of the proton and neutron density distribution. We compared our calculated results on rms proton and neutron radii with some available experimental data. The neutron skin thickness of Sn and Pb nuclei are presented. Neutron skin is observed at 102Sn and beyond 132Sn. For Pb isotopes, neutron skin builds up beyond 208P

Mapping Neutron Drip Lines in Meson Field Theories

The binding energy and axial deformation of medium-light nuclei and Ʌ hypernuclei are investigated within different relativistic meson field theories. In particular, the effect of including Ʌ hyperons in neutron-rich nuclei near the neutron drip line is investigated. Using the NL3* parameter set 30Si, 32S, and 34S change from a deformed state to spherical shape by adding a single Ʌ to the respective nuclei. Similarly, 28Si becomes spherical when adding two Ʌ's to the nucleus. In other parameter sets the nuclear deformation β2 is reduced by adding a Ʌ . In addition, the location of the neutron drip lines for both ordinary and hypernuclei in the region of neon to argon are predicted

Effect of Sintering Condition and Temperature on the Characteristics of Porcelain Rich in Alumina

The elemental composition of clays, feldspar, and quartz and mechanical properties of washed clays were determined by Energy Dispersive Fluorescence (ED-XRF) method. Six different body mixtures with varying weight of added alumina (Al2 O3) were prepared and sintered at 1230ºC under reduction condition and also at 1300ºC under oxidation condition. In this research work, an investigation was done on the real difference between the effect of sintering under reduced atmosphere and the real atmosphere. The differentiation between strength of glazed and unglazed bodies were also studied. Their physic-chemical properties (color, shrinkage, bulk density, water absorption, and apparent porosity) mechanical properties (bending strength as modulus of rupture ), thermal property (thermal conductivity), and electrical properties (electrical resistivity, dielectric constant, and dielectric loss) were determined. The processed electrical porcelains, G1, G2 and I2 have potential to use as insulators where high mechanical strength is a criterion

Treatment of Industrial Wastewater for Removal of Organic Micro-pollutants Using Processed Activated Carbon from Some Agricultural Wastes

The present research work was to study the effect of processed activated carbons in wastewater treatment. Environmental friendly activated carbons from corn-cob, rice straw and sugar cane bagasse were processed by chemical activating method. The highest fixed carbon content 71.5%, 63.1% and 64.43% were obtained for com-cob activated carbon, rice straw activated carbon and sugar cane bagasse activated carbon. Carbonization temperature at 300°C for 120 min gave the highest fixed carbon contents for processed activated carbons. Yield percentages were between 25% to 28%.. The largest surface area, 1503 m1/g was obtained from com-cob activated carbon with the highest iodine sorption capacity 63.6% and methylene blue number 348mglg. Distillery effluent from Royal Distillery Plant, Shwe Pyi Thar Township, Yangon Region was subjected to treat with processed activated carbons. The physico-chemical properties such as pH, total solids, suspended solids, dissolved solids, color, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand and biological oxygen demand (BOD) of wastewater before and after treatment were determined. In batch type treatment, effect of reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) upon temperature, dosage of activated carbons and contact time in the treatment of distillery effluent were studied. The highest removal efficiency of processed activated carbons for COD and BOD were 94.70/0 and 83.86% by using 0.07:1 ratio of activated carbon to distillery effluent at 30°C for 120 min

Implementation of Neural Network Based Electricity Load Forecasting

This paper proposed a novel model for short term load forecast (STLF) in the electricity market. The prior electricity demand data are treated as time series. The model is composed of several neural networks whose data are processed using a wavelet technique. The model is created in the form of a simulation program written with MATLAB. The load data are treated as time series data. They are decomposed into several wavelet coefficient series using the wavelet transform technique known as Non-decimated Wavelet Transform (NWT). The reason for using this technique is the belief in the possibility of extracting hidden patterns from the time series data. The wavelet coefficient series are used to train the neural networks (NNs) and used as the inputs to the NNs for electricity load prediction. The Scale Conjugate Gradient (SCG) algorithm is used as the learning algorithm for the NNs. To get the final forecast data, the outputs from the NNs are recombined using the same wavelet technique. The model was evaluated with the electricity load data of Electronic Engineering Department in Mandalay Technological University in Myanmar. The simulation results showed that the model was capable of producing a reasonable forecasting accuracy in STLF