Industrial CO2 supply pathways for CCU-based electrofuel production in Finland:E-Fuel WP2 Task 2.1 Deliverable

This work evaluates potential industrial CO2 supply pathways for CCU-based electrofuel production in Finland. We examine the common stages and costs of CCUS, mature and emerging carbon capture technologies, and carbon capture potential of Finnish industries. CCUS costs range around 42–161 €/tCO2, deriving from several case-specific stages that vary depending on source stream properties, capture technology, location, logistics, and end-use of CO2. Various technologies are in development for carbon capture. Post-combustion capture is appealing for industrial applications due to retrofittable nature and wide applicability of the technologies. In post-combustion capture, amine absorbents are a low-risk technology choice with commercial maturity and high capture performance, although suffering from toxic degradation products and high regeneration energy re-quirement. Carbonate salt absorbents (e.g., hot potassium carbonate and enzyme-enhanced K2CO3) have emerged as viable, eco-friendly options to consider at commercial level alongside amines. Also, technologies like membranes and solid sorbent processes are on the brink of commercialization. In Finland, pulp mills are the most appealing tar-gets for carbon capture with high quantity of biogenic CO2 available and suitable precon-ditions for CCUS implementation. Processes with a high CO2 concentration exhaust stream (e.g., ethanol fermentation and HVO) are a low hanging fruit regarding capture cost but with low quantitative capture potential. To evaluate techno-economic feasibility of carbon capture in a certain application in more detail, a specified case study with pro-cess modelling is required

Carbon dioxide use and removal : Prospects and policies

This report presents an overview of the current status of carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) and carbon dioxide removal (CDR), in terms of and main technologies, markets and policies, especially from the perspective of Finland. CDR refers to technologies and practices, which can remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere and store it in a manner intended to be permanent. CCUS refers to permanent storage of captured CO2 or to the utilisation of captured CO2 as a feedstock for different products which also form short- or long-term storage over their life cycle. The products can range from fuels (short lifetime) to performance polymers (long lifetime) and to mineral products (often permanent storage). The market assessment included also quantitative and qualitative estimates for future development in size and growing CCUS and CDR solutions. Finland’s export potential in the technologies and products was also investigated. The policy environment of the technologies was assessed in terms of greenhouse gas accounting and reporting rules under the UNFCC and EU legal frameworks. Moreover, an international benchmarking of national policies was carried out to survey good practices in peer jurisdictions. Taking note of the assessed main technology options, the policy overview was used to identify policy development needs and to provide recommendations accordingly.This publication is part of the implementation of the Government Plan for Analysis, Assessment and Research. (tietokayttoon.fi) The content is the responsibility of the producers of the information and does not necessarily represent the view of the Government

Industrial CO2 supply pathways for CCU-based electrofuel production in Finland:E-Fuel WP2 Task 2.1 Deliverable

This work evaluates potential industrial CO2 supply pathways for CCU-based electrofuel production in Finland. We examine the common stages and costs of CCUS, mature and emerging carbon capture technologies, and carbon capture potential of Finnish industries. CCUS costs range around 42–161 €/tCO2, deriving from several case-specific stages that vary depending on source stream properties, capture technology, location, logistics, and end-use of CO2. Various technologies are in development for carbon capture. Post-combustion capture is appealing for industrial applications due to retrofittable nature and wide applicability of the technologies. In post-combustion capture, amine absorbents are a low-risk technology choice with commercial maturity and high capture performance, although suffering from toxic degradation products and high regeneration energy re-quirement. Carbonate salt absorbents (e.g., hot potassium carbonate and enzyme-enhanced K2CO3) have emerged as viable, eco-friendly options to consider at commercial level alongside amines. Also, technologies like membranes and solid sorbent processes are on the brink of commercialization. In Finland, pulp mills are the most appealing tar-gets for carbon capture with high quantity of biogenic CO2 available and suitable precon-ditions for CCUS implementation. Processes with a high CO2 concentration exhaust stream (e.g., ethanol fermentation and HVO) are a low hanging fruit regarding capture cost but with low quantitative capture potential. To evaluate techno-economic feasibility of carbon capture in a certain application in more detail, a specified case study with pro-cess modelling is required

Review on post-combustion carbon capture technologies and capture of biogenic CO₂ using pilot-scale equipment

Bioenergy with carbon capture has emerged as a promising technological pathway in the pursuit of carbon-neutral energy production and industry. However, profitability of carbon capture remains as a large barrier in wide-scale deployment and as incentives are lacking benefit has to be sought, for instance, via CO₂ utilization. In this thesis biogenic CO₂ emission sources as well as status and performance of state-of-the-art and emerging post-combustion capture technologies were reviewed. Additionally, absorption-based post-combustion capture technologies developed by CarbonReUse, Kleener Power Solutions and VTT were experimented at pilot-scale by using synthetic gas mixtures, biogenic flue gases and raw biogas. Multiple industrial sources of biogenic CO₂ emissions into which carbon capture could possibly be applied were recognized. Numerous different carbon capture technologies based on various capture methods are currently in development with multiple large-scale demonstration projects ongoing and planned for the near future. Capture cost in post-combustion carbon capture is currently at around 34–80 €/t CO₂. In the pilot tests, all tested technologies were proven functional in carbon capture at realistic conditions, while achieving promising results regarding capture performance. However, further work is required to evaluate the economic performance and commercial potential of the tested technologies