A Survey of Analytical Techniques for Noroviruses

As the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide, human noroviruses (HuNoVs) have caused around 685 million cases of infection and nearly $60 billion in losses every year. Despite their highly contagious nature, an effective vaccine for HuNoVs has yet to become commercially available. Therefore, rapid detection and subtyping of noroviruses is crucial for preventing viral spread. Over the past half century, there has been monumental progress in the development of techniques for the detection and analysis of noroviruses. However, currently no rapid, portable assays are available to detect and subtype infectious HuNoVs. The purpose of this review is to survey and present different analytical techniques for the detection and characterization of noroviruses

Noncollinearity-modulated electronic properties of the monolayer CrI3_3

Introducing noncollinear magnetization into a monolayer CrI$_3$ is proposed to be an effective approach to modulate the local electronic properties of the two-dimensional (2D) magnetic material. Using first-principles calculation, we illustrate that both the conduction and valence bands in the monolayer CrI$_3$ are lowered down by spin spiral states. The distinct electronic structure of the monolayer noncollinear CrI$_3$ can be applied in nanoscale functional devices. As a proof of concept, we show that a magnetic domain wall can form a one-dimensional conducting channel in the 2D semiconductor via proper gating. Other possible applications such as electron-hole separation and identical quantum dots are also discussed

Ventilation of a monsoon‐dominated ocean : subduction and obduction in the North Indian Ocean

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2018. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 123 (2018): 4449-4463, doi:10.1029/2017JC013719.Based on the characteristics of oceanic circulation in a monsoon‐dominated ocean, a new framework of annual ventilation, including subduction and obduction, is postulated and applied to the North Indian Ocean based on both SODA and GODAS. It is revealed that besides the winter season, ventilation can also occur in summer. Considering the horizontal resolution, SODA results are mainly discussed, with GODAS results given for validity of key conclusions. The annual subduction/obduction rate in the North Indian Ocean based on SODA is estimated at 10.2 Sv/11 Sv averaged from 1960 to 2009, with 4.2 Sv/6.2 Sv occurring during winter monsoon period and 6 Sv/4.8 Sv during summer monsoon period, respectively. Both subduction and obduction feature great interannual variability, with the vertical pumping term of decisive importance. Furthermore, the concepts of the penetration depth through subduction and the origin depth through obduction are postulated. The penetration depth in the Arabian Sea is on the order of 50 to 200 m; the origin depth through obduction in the Arabian Sea is deeper than that in the Bay of Bengal, with the deepest on the order of 200 to 250 m along the western boundary.AoShan Talents program Gr;ant Number: 2015ASTP; Global Change and Air‐Sea Interaction Grant Number: GASI‐IPOVAI‐04; National Key Research and Development Program of China Grant Number: 2017YFC14040022019-01-0