Ruta de la gran pasión Argentina: un recurso turístico para Buenos Aires

Treball Final de Grau en Turisme. Codi: TU0944. Curs acadèmic: 2016-201

Proteomic Analysis in Nitrogen-Deprived <i>Isochrysis galbana</i> during Lipid Accumulation

<div><p>The differentially co-expressed proteins in N-deprived and N-enriched <i>I. galbana</i> were comparatively analyzed by using two dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight/time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS) with the aim of better understanding lipid metabolism in this oleaginous microalga. Forty-five of the 900 protein spots showed dramatic changes in N-deprived <i>I. galbana</i> compared with the N-enriched cells. Of these, 36 protein spots were analyzed and 27 proteins were successfully identified. The identified proteins were classified into seven groups by their molecular functions, including the proteins related to energy production and transformation, substance metabolism, signal transduction, molecular chaperone, transcription and translation, immune defense and cytoskeleton. These altered proteins slowed cell growth and photosynthesis of <i>I. galbana</i> directly or indirectly, but at the same time increased lipid accumulation. Eight key enzymes involved in lipid metabolism via different pathways were identified as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), enolase, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), fumarate hydratase (FH), citrate synthase (CS), O-acetyl-serine lyase (OAS-L) and ATP sulfurylase (ATPS). The results suggested that the glycolytic pathway and citrate transport system might be the main routes for lipid anabolism in N-deprived <i>I. galbana</i>, and that the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, glyoxylate cycle and sulfur assimilation system might be the major pathways involved in lipid catabolism. </p> </div

The growth and lipid changes of <i>I</i>. <i>galbana</i> in L₁ and N-deprived L₁ (L₁-N) media.

<p>A, cell numbers; B, chlorophyll; C, Fv/Fm ; D, P.I. ; E, total lipid; F, relative content of fatty acid. </p

The workflow outlining the proteomic analysis of <i>I</i>. <i>galbana</i> in N-deprived L₁ and L₁ media.

<p>To analyze the growth, lipid accumulation and protein variation of <i>I</i>. <i>galbana</i>, three replicates per group were performed in this experiment, and three samples were took from each replicate. In total, nine samples per group were analyzed. But in the proteomic analysis, the protein of every group was extracted from the mixture of nine samples.</p

The hypothesized pathways for lipid metabolism in N-deprived <i>I</i>.

<div><p><b><i>galbana</i></b>: </p> <p>① the glycolytic pathway, and involved enzymes GAPDH, PGK and enolase. the citrate transport system, and the involved enzyme CS. the TCA cycle, and the involved enzymes CS and FH. the glyoxylate cycle, and the involved enzymes AST, CS and FH. the pathways of cysteine (sulfur assimilation), glutathione and ethylene biosynthesis, and the involved enzymes OAS-L, ATPS, GS and ACC synthase.</p></div

A Review on the Origin of Synthetic Metal Radical: Singlet Open-Shell Radical Ground State?

In synthetic metals, free radicals in neutral organic semiconductors are acknowledged as their defects or impurities. However, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with singlet open-shell diradical ground state encourage us to investigate the other potential origin of radicals in neutral organic semiconductors. Herein, for the first time, we observed strong electron spin resonance (ESR) signal in a serials of typical small molecule (SMs). Neutral SMs (NSMs) with strong acceptors including benzothiadiazole, diketopyrrolopyrrole, and naphthalene diimide showed significant ESR signals while they contained strong donors. From the unexpected ¹H NMR broadening and increase of ESR signal, we propose TPA-DPP has singlet open-shell ground state and thermally populated triplet species excited via rising temperature, which represent our new viewpoints different from previous reports. The intensity of the ESR signals and singlet–triplet energy gap of the NSMs are related to their electronic delocalization effect and energy band gap. Moreover, significant ESR spectra were also detected in neutral conjugated polymers, e.g., PCDTBT, P3HT, PTB7, and PffBT4T-2OD. We speculate the open-shell quinoid-radical resonance structure may acts as one of the potential origin of the universal ESR signals of organic semiconductors. This study provides a novel perspective to understand the structure–radical–property relationship of organic semiconductors

Triptolide treatment significantly decreases cerebral Aβ plaque load in APP/PS1 mice.

<p><b><i>A</i></b>, Representative brain sections of cortical and hippocampal areas from different groups immunostained with anti-Aβ antibody (6E10). <b><i>B, C</i></b>, Quantification of the percent amyloid load in the cortical (<i>B</i>) and hippocampal (<i>C</i>) areas, showing a significant reduction in the triptolide-treated group when compared to the control group. N = 7 mice/group; Age  = 8.6 months; *, <i>P</i><0.05. Scale bars  = 100 µm.</p

Triptolide treatment attenuates neuroinflammation in APP/PS1 mice.

<p><b><i>A</i></b>, Representative photomicrographs of activated microglia stained with IBA1 antibody. <b><i>B</i></b>, Quantification of percent IBA1 immunoreactivity in the cortex of triptolide-treated and control mice. <b><i>C</i></b>, Immunoblot analysis of IBA1 and NOS2 levels in the cerebral homogenates. <b><i>D</i></b>, Densitometric analysis of IBA1 and NOS2 immunoblots (normalized by the amount of tubulin), with the levels in the non-Tg group set as 100%. The levels of IBA1 and NOS2 were elevated in control APP/PS1 mice but significantly attenuated in triptolide-treated APP/PS1 mice. N = 7 mice/group; Age  = 8.6 months; *, <i>P</i><0.05.</p

Triptolide treatment restores intersessional habituation in APP/PS1 mice.

<p><b><i>A</i>,</b>Untreated control APP/PS1 mice were more active than mice in any other groups and did not show intersessional habituation. Triptolide-treated APP/PS1 mice, in contrast, performed similarly as non-Tg mice and displayed intersessional habituation shown by decreasing activity in the latter 2 days of testing. <b><i>B</i></b><b>,</b> Triptolide treatment had no effect on anxiety levels in the elevated plus maze tests. N = 7 mice/group; Age = 8 months; *, <i>P</i><0.05.</p