A Rising Tide: The Growing Nuclearisation of the Indian Ocean

"This dissertation examines why the Indian Ocean is becoming, increasingly, the locus of nuclear weapons and platforms. It establishes a nexus between Realism, the desire of states to maximise their power, the role of nuclear weapons in that quest, Seapower, and the importance of the Indian Ocean to the US, China, Pakistan and India. It demonstrates that the Indian Ocean is becoming nuclearised because of the confluence of its growing strategic importance and that nexus.

Lifestyle interventions for type 2 diabetes prevention in women with prior gestational diabetes : a systematic review and meta-analysis of behavioural, anthropometric and metabolic outcomes

Purpose. To systematically review lifestyle interventions for women with prior Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) to report study characteristics, intervention design and study quality and explore changes in 1) diet, physical activity and sedentary behaviour; 2) anthropometric outcomes and; 3) glycaemic control and diabetes risk. Methods. Databases (Web of Science, CCRCT, EMBASE and Science DIRECT) were searched (1980 to April 2014) using keywords for controlled or pre–post design trials of lifestyle intervention targeting women with previous GDM reporting at least one behavioural, anthropometric or diabetes outcome. Selected studies were narratively synthesized with anthropometric and glycaemic outcomes synthesized using meta-analysis. Results. Three of 13 included studies were rated as low bias risk. Recruitment rates were poor but study retention good. Six of 11 studies reporting on physical activity reported favourable intervention effects. All six studies reporting on diet reported favourable intervention effects. In meta-analysis, significant weight-loss was attributable to one Chinese population study (WMD = − 1.06 kg (95% CI = − 1.68, − 0.44)). Lifestyle interventions did not change fasting blood glucose (WMD = − 0.05 mmol/L, 95% CI = − 0.21, 0.11) or type 2 diabetes risk. Conclusions. Lack of methodologically robust trials gives limited evidence for the success of lifestyle interventions in women with prior GDM. Recruitment into trials is challenging

A study of mixed-anion hydride lithium-ion conductors for application in all-solid-state batteries

Solid state lithium ion conductors are important in the development of electrolytes for all-solid-state lithium ion batteries. Complex hydrides are one such area of interest due to their thermal and chemical stability as well as their light weight and in this thesis the Li-BH_4-NH-NH_2 phase space was investigated. The structures of two lithium borohydride-imides: one orthorhombic with the formula Li_5(BH_4)_3NH, and another cubic with the formula Li_3BH_4NH have been determined through powder diffraction methods. The reaction of lithium imide and lithium borohydride was studied through both in-situ and ex-situ powder diffraction methods and highlighted the formation of a melt upon heating. The studies also showed Li_5(BH_4)_3NH formed rapidly upon heating whilst Li_3BH_4NH did not form until late in the cooling process. Further investigation into the reaction of lithium amide-imide and lithium borohydride also identified another phase, a new hexagonal lithium amide-borohydride-imide, Li_4BH_4NHNH_2. It was subsequently revealed that Li_4BH_4NHBH_2 was apparently the most thermodynamically stable of the three structures, forming upon slow cooling of the Li_2NH + LiBH_4 reaction mixture. Investigations into the lithium ion conductivities of the materials produced promising results, with high conductivities at room temperature. All three materials displayed higher conductivities than lithium borohydride and their mechanical properties made them much more robust when manufacturing half cells as compared to lithium imide

Distinct sulfur saturation histories within the Palaeogene Magilligan Sill, Northern Ireland: Implications for Ni-Cu-PGE mineralisation in the North Atlantic Igneous Province

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from NRC Research Press via the DOI in this record.The ~60 m thick Magilligan Sill is part of the British Palaeogene Igneous Province in the North Atlantic. The sill comprises layers of dolerite and olivine gabbro, and it intrudes a thick sequence of Mesozoic mudstones and marls, which are locally baked at the sill margins. Since 2014, the sill has been an exploration target for orthomagmatic Ni-Cu-PGE sulfide mineralisation analogous to the Noril’sk-Talnakh intrusion in Russia. We present new petrological, geochemical and S-isotope data to assess the prospectivity of the sill and the underlying magmatic plumbing system. Most sulfides in the dolerite portions of the sill are < 50 μm in size and comprise only pyrite with PGE abundances below detection limit. In the olivine gabbros, > 150 μm size pentlandite, chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite grains contain < 4 ppm total PGE, 1 460 ppm Co and 88 ppm Ag. Pyrite from the dolerites have δ34S ranging from -10.0 to +3.4 ‰ and olivine gabbro sulfides range from -2.5 to -1.1 ‰, suggesting widespread crustal contamination. The S/Se ratios of sulfides in the dolerites and olivine gabbros range from 3 500 to 19 500 and from 1 970 to 3 710, respectively, indicating that the latter may have come from upstream in the magma plumbing system. The Magilligan Sill records multiple injections of mafic magma into an inflating sill package, each with distinct mechanisms towards S-saturation. Whilst the sulfide minerals in the sill do not constitute significant mineralisation themselves, detailed in-situ studies highlight a divergence in Ssaturation histories, and suggest that a larger volume of olivine gabbro sulfides at depth may be prospective

Levels of Arousal in Positive Moods: Effects on Motor Performance

Background: The use of simple preparatory methods, such as listening to relaxing music, may decrease negative emotions and enhance performance. The purpose of this research was to explore whether certain types of music, as a preparatory task, could enhance motor performance. Method: Fifty-six participants were randomly assigned to a condition before completing a pre and postdexterity test using the Purdue Pegboard Test (PPT). Performance was assessed with the PPT and arousal of mood was assessed with the Affect Grid. During the postdexterity test, the participants heard no music or specific music based on their condition. The experimental conditions included listening to an up-tempo Mozart sonata to elicit a high arousal, positive valence mood, or a down-tempo version of the same sonata to achieve a low arousal, positive valence mood. Results: ANOVAs showed a significant increase between pre and posttests over time in participant arousal and performance. In addition, there was a significant interaction term between performance and gender, where women improved significantly more than men. Conclusion: The results suggest that the up-tempo and down-tempo Mozart sonatas do not play a significant role in motor performance, yet gender significantly affects performance, regardless of the type of music

The status of Habitats Directive Annex I saltmarsh habitats, transition zones and spartina species in England

On unmodified soft sediment coastlines, of which there are long lengths especially on the English east and south coasts, there should be a wide transitional zone between tidal areas and full terrestrial land. The conditions in this zone result in a rich and distinctive range of habitats. There are two saltmarsh habitats listed in Annex I of the Habitats Directive within this zone (H1420 Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic halophilous scrubs and H1320 Spartina swards,Spartinion maritimae) reflecting its importance for nature conservation. At the time work for this project was started in 2012, the conservation status of these habitats was reported as ‘unfavourable, bad and deteriorating’. Due to construction of artificial sea defences, these zones are now much reduced in extent and distribution and are under threat from a range of factors. This project aims to provide an inventory and description of Annex I saltmarsh habitats and transitional vegetation in England. This will help to update future reporting on conservation status. The outcomes will also help improve understanding of the underpinning processes which can be used in design to improve the potential for recreating these elements of saltmarshes as part of intertidal restoration schemes. The project also provides an up to date assessment of Spartina alterniflora stands in the Solent SAC through review and field survey for 2012

Full Gait Cycle Analysis of Lower Limb and Trunk Kinematics During Walking in Participants with and without Ankle Instability

Background: Chronic ankle instability (CAI) has previously been linked to altered lower limb kinematics and muscle activation characteristics during walking, though little research has been performed analysing the full time-series across the stance and swing phases of gait. Research Question: The aim of this study was to compare trunk and lower limb kinematics and muscle activity between those with chronic ankle instability and healthy controls. Methods: Kinematics and muscle activity were measured in 18 (14 males, 4 females) healthy controls (age 22.4 ± 3.6 years, height 177.8 ± 7.6 cm, mass 70.4 ± 11.9 kg, UK shoe size 8.4 ± 1.6), and 18 (13 males, 5 females) participants with chronic ankle instability (age 22.0 ± 2.7 years, height 176.8 ± 7.9 cm, mass 74.1 ± 9.6 kg, UK shoe size 8.1 ± 1.9) during barefoot walking trials, using a combined Helen Hayes and Oxford foot model. Surface electromyography (sEMG) was recorded for the tibialis anterior and gluteus medius. Full curve statistical parametric mapping was performed using independent and paired-samples T-tests. Results: No significant differences were observed in kinematic or sEMG variables between or within groups for the duration of the swing phase of gait. A significantly increased forefoot-tibia inversion was seen in the CAI affected limb when compared to the CAI unaffected limb at 4-16% stance (p = 0.039). No other significant differences were observed. Significance: There appears to be no differences in muscle activation and movement between CAI and healthy control groups. However, participants with CAI exhibited increased inversion patterns during the stance phase of gait in their affected limb compared to their unaffected limb. This may predispose those with CAI to episodes of giving way and further ankle sprains

Durable response to serial tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in an adolescent with metastatic TFG-ROS1 fusion positive Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor (IMT)

Here, we present the case of an adolescent with a rare metastatic Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) harboring a TFG-ROS1 fusion initially detected on tumor progression and retrospectively identified in the primary tumor after targeted RNA sequencing. The patient benefitted from sequential TKIs over a 5-year period with response to the third generation ALK/ROS inhibitor, lorlatinib leading to resection of the primary tumor. Detailed molecular analysis can identify targetable oncogenic kinase fusions that alters management in patients with unresectable disease and should be considered in all patients