2 research outputs found

    Plugging the “Phishing” Hole: Legislation Versus Technology

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    This iBrief analyzes the Anti-Phishing Act of 2005, legislation aimed at curbing the problem of phishing. Phishing is the sending of fraudulent emails which appear to be from legitimate businesses and thereby fooling the recipients into divulging personal information such as credit card numbers. While this legislation may provide some assistance in the fight against phishing, it is limited by the global nature of the Internet and the ease with which phishers can hide and avoid judgments. This iBrief therefore concludes that although the Anti-Phishing Act can play a supporting role in the battle, technological solutions are the most effective means of reducing or eliminating phishing attacks

    Triage som prioriteringsinstrument pÄ akutmottagning : en etisk analys av RETTS

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    PĂ„ landets akutmottagningar anvĂ€nds systemet med triage för att kunna sortera patienterna till olika vĂ„rdnivĂ„er. Triage innebĂ€r det första steget iomhĂ€ndertagandet av skadade och sjuka i situationer nĂ€r inte alla  patienter kan tas omhand omedelbart utan en prioritering mĂ„ste göras samtidigt patientsĂ€kerheten mĂ„ste tillgodoses. Det vanligaste triagesystemet pĂ„ svenska akutmottagningar kallas Rapid Emergency Triage and Treatment System (RETTS1). RETTS bestĂ„r av en kombination av bedömning av sökorsak och bedömning av olika vitalparametrar, d v s livsviktiga fysiologiska funktioner. Den sammantagna bedömningen av sökorsak och vitalparametrar leder fram till fem olika prioriteringsgrader som vart och ett stĂ„r för olika omhĂ€ndertaganden. Det ger vĂ€gledning var pĂ„ akuten patienten bör omhĂ€ndertas, hur snabbt patienten bör trĂ€ffa en lĂ€kare och vilken övervakningsnivĂ„ som krĂ€vs. Studiens syfte var att studera hur personal pĂ„ svenska akutmottagningar beskrev sin upplevelse av triagesystemet ur ett etiskt perspektiv och göra en etisk analys av triagesystemet. De intervjuade beskrev att trots att det inte Ă€r garanterat att bedömningar alltid genomförs pĂ„ ett likvĂ€rdigt sĂ€tt (vilket kan leda till undereller övertriagering) sĂ„ innebĂ€r införandet av triagesystemet Ă€ndĂ„ en sorts garanti att riksdagens riktlinjer för prioriteringar efterlevs – att de patienter som har de största behoven fĂ„r förtur till vĂ„rd. Att alla patienter blir bedömda efter samma parametrar upplevs som en trygghet hos personalen och gör det lĂ€ttare att kommunicera mellan olika funktioner pĂ„ akutmottagningen. Men trots det standardiserade omhĂ€ndertagandet Ă€r systemet inte utan brister, alla patientfall passar inte in i metoden. Multisjuka Ă€ldre, personer med psykiska problem eller med missbruksproblem uppfattas pĂ„ olika sĂ€tt som svĂ„ra att bedöma och sortera ”rĂ€tt” sĂ„ att de senare ska hamna rĂ€tt i vĂ„rdkedjan. Den etiska analysen visade att sjĂ€lva triagesystemet överensstĂ€mde med den etiska plattformens betoning pĂ„ att det större behovet ska ha förtur till vĂ„rd, men tar inte hĂ€nsyn till effekterna av de Ă„tgĂ€rder som patienten kan bli föremĂ„l för (eftersom den bedömningen kommer senare i processen). Att tillĂ€mpningen av triagemetoden kan drabba vissa grupper negativt Ă€r dock problematiskt ur mĂ€nniskovĂ€rdesprincipens synvinkel. Ur etisk synvinkel Ă€r det sammanfattningsvis viktigt att vara medveten om en metods begrĂ€nsningar och inte lita alltför mycket pĂ„ att metoden passar lika bra för alla fall. Studien visar pĂ„ behovet av en fördjupad etisk analys av triage pĂ„ akutmottagning som Ă€ven studerar den faktiska tillĂ€mpningen och fortsatta processen.Sweden’s emergency departments use a triage system to categorise patients for different levels of care. Triage involves the first step in the care of sick and injured patients in situations where it is not possible to care for everyone immediately, but cases must be prioritized and patient safety assured. The most common triage system used in Swedish emergency departments is called the Rapid Emergency Triage and Treatment System, RETTS (synonymous with METTS). RETTS involves a combination of evaluating the reason for seeking care and various vital parameters, i.e. critical physiological functions. The combined appraisal of the reason for seeking care and the vital parameters leads to five levels of priority, each of which involves different care. This provides guidance on where to treat emergent patients, how quickly the patient must see a physician, and the level of monitoring required. This study aims to investigate how the staff in Sweden’s emergency  departments described their experience with the triage system from an ethical perspective and also conduct an ethical analysis of the triage system. The interviewees responded that although there is no guarantee that the evaluations are always conducted in a similar way (which could lead to over or under triaging), the introduction of a triage system does provide some guarantee of compliance with the parliament’s guidelines on priority setting – that patients with the greatest need are first in line to receive care. Staff experience some sense of security in using the same parameters to evaluate all patients, which facilitates communication among the different functions in the emergency department. However, despite the standardised process, the system is not without shortcomings, and not all cases are appropriate for the method. Elderly with multiple disorders and people with psychiatric or substance- and alcohol-type problems problems are perceived as being difficult to evaluate and triage “correctly” for later placement in the appropriate continuum of care. The ethical analysis showed that the triage system per se adhered to the ethical platform’s emphasis on caring for those with the greatest needs first, but it does not consider the effects of the interventions that patients might receive (since such evaluation takes place later in the process). Since application of the triage method could have a negative impact on certain groups, this is problematic  from the perspective of the human dignity principle. From an ethical perspective it is important to be aware of a method’s limitations and not always assume that it can manage every case in an equitable manner. The study identifies the need for a deeper ethical analysis of triage in emergency departments that includes investigating actual implementation and its ongoing process
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