Race and Religion in the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination

This Article analyzes the work of CERD in the area of religion, a field which, by definition, would not necessarily be covered by the mandate of a committee devoted to the eradication of racism and racial discrimination. Notwithstanding this difference of scope, to the extent that, in the contemporary world, race and religion appear increasingly interwoven, the work of CERD on religion has gradually become accepted and considered necessary

Metamorfoses dos direitos humanos

Modificações do conceito de direitos humanos, associadas a exageros do “politicamente correto” voltado para minorias, depreciam ambas as expressões. Historicamente de esquerda, seu abuso serve de munição às posições de direita, absorvidas por cidadãos inseguros. Diante de criminalidade, em cultura de sedução consumista sobre estrutura econômica profundamente desigual, direitos particularistas, em substituição à política, são contrários à integração com progresso. Para evitar derrotas eleitorais é melhor regressar à defesa dos direitos de todos.Changes taking place in the concept of human rights, related to exaggerated political correctness towards minorities diminish both expressions. Political correctness is historically a left-wing idea, and its abuse mobilizes right-wing attitudes taken up by insecure citizens. Faced with criminality, in a consumerist culture grounded on a deeply unequal economic structure, particularist rights, replacing politics, oppose integration to progress. To avoid defeats in ballot, one had better defend rights to everyone again

Cross-cultural adaptation of the child development surveillance instrument “Survey of Wellbeing of Young Children (SWYC)” in the Brazilian context

Introdução: Diante da escassez de instrumentos de avaliação do desenvolvimento infantil adaptados culturalmente, validados e viáveis para uso na prática clínica no Brasil, é necessário maior investimento para disponibilização de recursos com boas propriedades psicométricas para uso clínico e cientifico. Objetivo: Analisar o processo de adaptação transcultural do instrumento de vigilância do desenvolvimento infantil “Survey of Wellbeing of Young Children (SWYC)” no contexto brasileiro. Método: O SWYC é um instrumento de vigilância do desenvolvimento infantil, comportamento e fatores de risco para crianças menores de 65 meses, constituído pelos questionários - Developmental Milestones, Parent’s Observations of Social Interactions (POSI), Baby Pediatric Symptom Checklist (BPSC), Preschool Pediatric Symptom Checklist (PPSC) e Family Questions. A adaptação transcultural seguiu as etapas recomendadas pela literatura e participaram 45 pais do primeiro pré-teste e 27 do segundo pré-teste. Para análise das propriedades de medida foi utilizada análise fatorial (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin–KMO), cálculo da validade convergente (Average Variance Extracted - AVE) e confiabilidade (consistência interna - Cronbach’s Alpha - CA). Resultados: No primeiro pré-teste, os pais compreenderam apenas 31% dos itens. O comitê de especialistas reanalisou e modificou os questionários. No segundo pré-teste, o índice de compreensão foi 77%, dando origem a versão final. Os questionários Developmental Milestones, BPSC e PPSC foram considerados unidimensionais (KMO = 0,62 a 0,95) e apresentaram AVE = 0,52 a 0,73 e CA = 0,55 a 0,97. Conclusão: Análise da qualidade dos itens, da validade convergente e da consistência interna da versão brasileira do SWYC revelou propriedades de medida satisfatórias, mostrando-se um instrumento promissor para uso clinico e em pesquisas com crianças no Brasil.Introducion: Faced with the scarcity of culturally adapted, validated and feasible instruments for assessing child development for use in clinical practice in Brazil, more investment is needed to provide resources with good psychometric properties for clinical and scientific use. Objective: To analyze the cross-cultural adaptation process of the Child Development Surveillance Instrument “Survey of Wellbeing of Young Children (SWYC)” in the Brazilian context. Methods: SWYC is an instrument for monitoring development, behavior and risk factors for children younger than 65 months, consisting of questionnaires - Developmental Milestones, Parent’s Observations of Social Interactions (POSI), Baby Pediatric Symptom Checklist (BPSC), Preschool Pediatric Symptom Checklist (PPSC) e Family Questions. The cross-cultural adaptation followed the steps recommended in the literature and 45 parents from the first pre-test and 27 from the second pre-test participated. For the analysis of the properties of measurement was used factor analysis (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin–KMO), calculation of convergent validity (Average Variance Extracted - AVE) and reliability (Internal consistency - Cronbach’s Alpha - CA). Results: In the first pre-test, parents comprised only 31% of the items. The panel of experts reviewed and modified the questionnaires. In the second pre-test, the comprehension index was 77%, giving rise to the final version. The questionnaires Developmental Milestones, BPSC and PPSC were considered unidimensional (KMO = 0.62 to 0.95) and had AVE of 0.52 to 0.73 and CA = 0.55 to 0.97. Conclusion: Analysis of the quality of the items, the convergent validity and the Internal consistency of the Brazilian version of the SWYC revealed satisfactory measurement properties, showing a promising instrument for clinical use and in research with children in Brazil

Contribution of the Newborn Behavioral Observations (NBO) for the maternal care of preterm neonates

Introduction: In the care of preterm newborn, practices that favor the participation of mothers in care are recommended. The use of appropriate instruments by professionals can contribute to strengthen maternal participation.Objective: To analyse the contributions of the use of the Newborn Behavioral Observations (NBO) for the maternal care of preterm neonates.Methods: Descriptive qualitative study, using participant observation and semi-structured interviews with 14 mothers of preterm newborns who underwent NBO. Data was submitted to content analysis, assinted by the software MAXQda 12.Results: It was found that the mothers' prior perceptions of the newborn´s capacities or how they react to environmental stimuli do not differ from what was observed and reported by them after NBO. However, it was verified that NBO confirms this perception and broadens the mothers' understanding of the meaning of the newborn's behavior. Participating in the NBO helped the mothers to identify strategies to find the needs of the newborn, qualifying the care already performed by them and opening new possibilities for maternal care.Conclusions: The NBO is an instrument that favors the mother's learning about the behavior of the newborn and contributes to the construction of practices with potential to be used by them within daily care. This allows us to consider it as a tool that favors the mother-baby relationship, contributes to the mother's participation in the care, and supports the mother in the construction of her autonomy for the continuity of the newborn's care after hospital discharge

Elaboração e validação de um instrumento para monitoramento de indicadores do desenvolvimento infantil

bjective: To create and validate an instrument for child development monitoring.Methods: Methodological study, based on the World Bank’s proposition to monitor child devel-opment indicators in low- and middle-income countries. The stages of the study included thefollowing: development of an inventory of items for child development evaluation, based onopen access instruments; content validation by a group of experts on the topic, using consen-sus techniques; selection of questions to describe children and their families; pre-test of theinstrument during the vaccination campaign in 2016 in three municipalities, and conductingcognitive interviews.Results: A total of 431 items were sent for the evaluation of the specialists; 77 were initiallyexcluded and the others were evaluated in-person by the group, with 162 items covering themotor, cognitive, language, and socio-emotional domains, distributed in ten age ranges. Ques-tions about health, nutrition, early learning, protection and safety, and responsive care werealso included. The instrument was applied by volunteer undergraduate students to 367 mothersof children under 5 years, showing good adherence of the caregivers. The time of applicationof the questionnaire was, on average, 20 minutes. The cognitive interviews allowed the finaladjustment of 19 items of the instrument for better understanding by the caregivers. Conclusions: The instrument created and validated by experts fills a gap, as it allows a com-prehensive evaluation of the development of children under 5 years at the population level,using a fast and inexpensive tool, and can be useful for monitoring indicators of developmentin Brazilian children in vaccination campaigns.Objetivo Elaborar e validar um instrumento para o monitoramento de indicadores do desenvolvimento infantil. Métodos Estudo metodológico baseado na proposta do Banco Mundial para medir indicadores do desenvolvimento infantil em países de baixa e média renda. As etapas do estudo contemplaram: elaboração de um inventário de itens para avaliação do desenvolvimento infantil, com base em instrumentos de livre acesso; validação de conteúdo por um grupo de especialistas no tema, com técnicas de consenso; seleção de questões para descrever as crianças e suas famílias; pré-teste do instrumento durante a campanha de vacinação de 2016 em três municípios e realização de entrevistas cognitivas. Resultados Foram enviados 431 itens foram enviados para avaliação dos especialistas, 77 foram excluídos e os demais apreciados presencialmente pelo grupo. No fim foram selecionados 162 itens que abrangeram os domínios motor, cognitivo, de linguagem e socioemocional, distribuídos em 10 faixas etárias. Foram incluídas questões sobre saúde, nutrição, aprendizagem precoce, proteção e segurança e cuidado responsivo. O instrumento foi aplicado por universitários voluntários a 367 mães de crianças menores de cinco anos, mostrou boa adesão dos cuidadores. O tempo médio de aplicação do questionário foi 20 minutos. As entrevistas cognitivas permitiram ajustar 19 itens do instrumento para melhor compreensão dos cuidadores. Conclusões O instrumento construído e validado por especialistas preenche uma lacuna, que permite uma avaliação abrangente do desenvolvimento de crianças menores de cinco anos, em nível populacional, de forma rápida e barata, pode ser útil para o monitoramento de indicadores do desenvolvimento em campanhas de vacinação

GATA2 mitotic bookmarking is required for definitive haematopoiesis

In mitosis, most transcription factors detach from chromatin, but some are retained and bookmark genomic sites. Mitotic bookmarking has been implicated in lineage inheritance, pluripotency and reprogramming. However, the biological significance of this mechanism in vivo remains unclear. Here, we address mitotic retention of the hemogenic factors GATA2, GFI1B and FOS during haematopoietic specification. We show that GATA2 remains bound to chromatin throughout mitosis, in contrast to GFI1B and FOS, via C-terminal zinc finger-mediated DNA binding. GATA2 bookmarks a subset of its interphase targets that are co-enriched for RUNX1 and other regulators of definitive haematopoiesis. Remarkably, homozygous mice harbouring the cyclin B1 mitosis degradation domain upstream Gata2 partially phenocopy knockout mice. Degradation of GATA2 at mitotic exit abolishes definitive haematopoiesis at aorta-gonad-mesonephros, placenta and foetal liver, but does not impair yolk sac haematopoiesis. Our findings implicate GATA2-mediated mitotic bookmarking as critical for definitive haematopoiesis and highlight a dependency on bookmarkers for lineage commitment

Pediatric (Otolaryngology) at the Public Health System of a city in Southeastern Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To assess the suitability of referral from primary to secondary care in pediatric Otolaryngology. METHODS: The study was performed in the city of Belo Horizonte, in the state of Minas Gerais, from March 2004 to May 2005. A total of 408 pre-school children referred from primary care to secondary care in the department of Otolaryngology presenting with otitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, and tonsillar/adenoidal hypertrophy was assessed. The studied variables were: agreement between diagnoses in primary and secondary care; waiting time for doctor's appointment; follow-up, and professional (pediatrician or family physician) that examined children in primary care. Agreement of diagnoses was assessed using kappa statistics. RESULTS: Patients were five years old on average, 214 (52.5%) were boys, mean waiting time for appointment was 3.7 months. Diagnoses in primary and secondary care were respectively: otitis (44%, 49%), tonsillar/adenoidal hypertrophy (22%, 33%), tonsillitis (18%, 23%), sinusitis (13%, 21%), allergic rhinitis (3%, 33%). Agreement analysis of kappa was 0.15 for otitis with effusion, 0.35 for recurrent otitis, 0.04 for tonsillar/adenoidal hypertrophy, 0.43 for tonsillitis, 0.05 for allergic rhinitis, and 0.2 for sinusitis. Diagnoses in primary care referred to secondary care were in agreement when given either by pediatrician or family physician. CONCLUSIONS: Unsuitability of referrals from primary to secondary care in otolaryngology was expressed by the long time waiting for appointments and by the low agreement between diagnoses in different level of care for the same patients. Primary health care could be more efficient if professionals were better qualified in Otolaryngology.OBJETIVO: Analisar a adequação dos encaminhamentos da atenção primária para a secundária em otorrinolaringologia pediátrica. MÉTODOS: Estudo realizado em Belo Horizonte, estado de Minas Gerais, de março de 2004 a maio de 2005. Foram avaliadas 408 crianças pré-escolares encaminhadas da atenção primária para a secundária do setor de otorrinolaringologia com otite, faringoamigdalite, rinossinusite, rinite alérgica e hipertrofia de amígdala/adenóide. As variáveis analisadas foram: concordância dos diagnósticos na atenção primária e secundária, tempo de espera pela consulta, acompanhamento e especialista (médico de família ou pediatra) que examinou a criança na atenção primária. A concordância dos diagnósticos foi avaliada pela análise estatística de kappa. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes tinham em média cinco anos de idade, dos quais 214 (52,5%) eram meninos, o tempo médio de espera pela consulta foi de 3,7 meses. Os diagnósticos na atenção primária e secundária foram, respectivamente: otite (44%, 49%), hipertrofia de amígdala/adenóide (22%, 33%), faringoamigdalite (18%, 23%), rinossunusite (13%, 21%), rinite alérgica (3%, 33%). Análise de concordância kappa foi 0,15 para otite com efusão, 0,35 para otite recorrente, 0,04 para hipertrofia de amígdala/adenóide, 0,43 para faringoamigdalite, 0,05 para rinite alérgica; 0,2 para rinossinusite. Os diagnósticos na atenção primária para encaminhamento à secundária, definidos pelo médico de família ou pelo pediatra que avaliou a criança foram concordantes. CONCLUSÕES: A inadequação dos encaminhamentos da atenção primária para a secundária em otorrinolaringologia foi expressa pelo longo tempo de espera pela consulta e pela baixa concordância de diagnósticos firmados entre os níveis de atenção para os mesmos pacientes avaliados. A atenção primária poderia se tornar mais eficiente se os profissionais fossem mais bem capacitados em otorrinolaringologia