Seeking Evolution of Dark Energy

We study how observationally to distinguish between a cosmological constant (CC) and an evolving dark energy with equation of state $\omega(Z)$. We focus on the value of redshift Z* at which the cosmic late time acceleration begins and $\ddot{a}(Z^{*}) = 0$. Four $\omega(Z)$ are studied, including the well-known CPL model and a new model that has advantages when describing the entire expansion era. If dark energy is represented by a CC model with $\omega \equiv -1$, the present ranges for $\Omega_{\Lambda}(t_0)$ and $\Omega_m(t_0)$ imply that Z* = 0.743 with 4% error. We discuss the possible implications of a model independent measurement of Z* with better accuracy.Comment: 9 pages, LaTeX, 5 figure

Phylogeny, morphological evolution, and speciation of endemic brassicaceae genera in the cape flora of southern Africa

Heliophila (ca. 73 spp.), the ditypic Cycloptychis and Thlaspeocarpa, and the monotypic Schlechteria, Silicularia, Brachycarpaea, and Chamira are endemic to the Cape region of South Africa, where they are the dominant genera of Brassicaceae. They may be regarded as the most diversified Brassicaceae lineage in every aspect of habit, leaf, flower, and fruit morphology. The characters used in the separation of these genera and their species, especially fruit type (silique vs. silicle), dehiscence (dehiscent vs. indehiscent), compression (latiseptate vs. angustiseptate), and cotyledonary type (spirolobal, diplecolobal, twice conduplicate), have been used extensively in the delimitation of tribes. The relationship and taxonomic limits among these genera are unclear and controversial. The present ITS study demonstrates the monophyly of tribe Heliophileae, with Chamira as sister clade. The other five smaller genera above are nested within two of the three main lineages of Heliophila, to which they should be reduced to synonymy. The current study reveals parallel evolution of fruit characters often used heavily in the traditional classification schemes of the family. However, the arrangement of species into three main clades largely corresponds with the distribution of morphological characters (e.g., habit, leaf shape, seed structure, inflorescence type, and presence/absence of basal appendages on the pedicels, petals, and staminal filaments) not adequately accounted for in previous studies. Estimation of divergence times of the main lineages of Heliophila is in agreement with recent estimations in other plant groups, all of which date the diversification against a background of aridification in the Pliocene and Pleistocene. Species of one main clade are perennial, microphyllous shrubs/subshrubs typically restricted to poor sandstone soils in the southwestern and western parts of the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa. Species of the other two clades are predominantly annuals that grow in more arid regions of Namibia and Namaqualand, as well as in the above sandstone areas of the Cape Region. The adaptive significance of various floral structures is discussed in terms of their possible role in the rapid diversification within Heliophila

A protocol for the systematic documentation of the ecology of Cape plants

A plea is made for the more systematic collection of ecological data with herbarium specimens, and for the inclusion of descriptive ecological data with the species descriptions in monographs, revisions, floras and electronic publications. Ecological data are becoming increasingly important for conservation policies, for evaluating the possible impacts of climatic and hydrological change, and for investigating the evolution and co-existence of the remarkably large number of species in the Cape Floristic Region. Ecological data are divided into habitat data that have to be collected in the field (largely micro-habitat data), those data that can be inferred from geographical information systems overlays (mostly climatic data), and biological data which are dependent on targetted observations (e.g. pollination, dispersal and fire biology) and which generally cannot be made for each herbarium collection. Brief protocols for the collection of the microhabitat data are suggested for the Cape Floristic Region, and some examples are given of the ecological descriptive information that should go with species descriptions

Plant species radiations: where, when, why?

The spatial and temporal patterns of plant species radiations are largely unknown. I used a nonlinear regression to estimate speciation and extinction rates from all relevant dated clades. Both are surprisingly high. A high species richness can be the result of either little extinction, thus preserving the diversity that dates from older radiations (a ‘mature radiation’), or a ‘recent and rapid radiation’. The analysis of radiations from different regions (Andes, New Zealand, Australia, southwest Africa, tropics and Eurasia) revealed that the diversity of Australia may be largely the result of mature radiations. This is in sharp contrast to New Zealand, where the flora appears to be largely the result of recent and rapid radiations. Mature radiations are characteristic of regions that have been climatically and geologically stable throughout the Neogene, whereas recent and rapid radiations are more typical of younger (Pliocene) environments. The hyperdiverse Cape and Neotropical floras are the result of the combinations of mature as well as recent and rapid radiations. Both the areas contain stable environments (the Amazon basin and the Cape Fold Mountains) as well as dynamic landscapes (the Andes and the South African west coast). The evolution of diversity can only be understood in the context of the local environment

New species and combinations in the African Restionaceae

Eight new species of the African Restionaceae (Restionoideae) are described, viz.: Cannomois anfracta, Cannomois arenicola, Cannomois grandis, Nevillea vlokii, Thamnochortus kammanassiae, Willdenowia pilleata, Restio uniflorus and Restio mkambatiae. A key to the species of Cannomois is provided, as well as a table comparing the characters of the three species in Nevillea. For all new species, notes on the affinities of the species and their habitats are provided. Two new combinations, Cannomois primosii (Pillans) H.P. Linder and Cannomois robusta (Kunth) H.P. Linder, are made