Plane-Wave Propagation in Electromagnetic PQ Medium

Two basic classes of electromagnetic media, recently defined and labeled as those of P media and Q media, are generalized to define the class of PQ media. Plane wave propagation in the general PQ medium is studied and the quartic dispersion equation is derived in analytic form applying four-dimensional dyadic formalism. The result is verified by considering various special cases of PQ media for which the dispersion equation is known to decompose to two quadratic equations or be identically satisfied (media with no dispersion equation). As a numerical example, the dispersion surface of a PQ medium with non-decomposable dispersion equation is considered.Comment: 17 pages, 1 figur

Realization of a spherical boundary by a layer of wave-guiding medium

In this paper the concept of wave-guiding medium, previously introduced for planar structures, is defined for the spherically symmetric case. It is shown that a quarter-wavelength layer of such a medium serves as a transformer of boundary conditions between two spherical interfaces. As an application, the D'B'-boundary condition, requiring vanishing of normal derivatives of the normal components of D and B field vectors, is realized by transforming the DB-boundary conditions. To test the theory, scattering from a spherical DB object covered by a layer of wave-guiding material is compared to the corresponding scattering from an ideal D'B' sphere, for varying medium parameters of the layer

Complex space monofilar approximation of diffraction currents on a conducting half plane

Simple approximation of diffraction surface currents on a conducting half plane, due to an incoming plane wave, is obtained with a line current (monofile) in complex space. When compared to an approximating current at the edge, the diffraction pattern is seen to improve by an order of magnitude for a minimal increase of computation effort. Thus, the inconvient Fresnel integral functions can be avoided for quick calculations of diffracted fields and the accuracy is good in other directions than along the half plane. The method can be applied to general problems involving planar metal edges

Exact image method for Gaussian beam problems involving a planar interface

Exact image method, recently introduced for the solution of electromagnetic field problems involving sources above a planar interface or two homogeneous media, is shown to be valid also for sources located in complex space, which makes its application possible for Gaussian beam analysis. It is demonstrated that the Goos-Hanchen shift and the angular shift of a TE polarized beam are correctly given as asymptotic results by the exact reflection image theory. Also, the apparent image location giving the correct Gaussian beam transmitted through the interface is obtained as another asymptotic check. The present theory makes it possible to calculate the exact coupling from the Gaussian beam to the reflected and refracted beams, as well as to the surface wave

Decomposition of Electromagnetic Q and P Media

Two previously studied classes of electromagnetic media, labeled as those of Q media and P media, are decomposed according to the natural decomposition introduced by Hehl and Obukhov. Six special cases based on either non-existence or sole existence of the three Hehl-Obukhov components, are defined for both medium classes.Comment: 18 page

Electromagnetic Boundary Conditions Defined in Terms of Normal Field Components

A set of four scalar conditions involving normal components of the fields D and B and their normal derivatives at a planar surface is introduced, among which different pairs can be chosen to represent possible boundary conditions for the electromagnetic fields. Four such pairs turn out to yield meaningful boundary conditions and their responses for an incident plane wave at a planar boundary are studied. The theory is subsequently generalized to more general boundary surfaces defined by a coordinate function. It is found that two of the pairs correspond to the PEC and PMC conditions while the other two correspond to a mixture of PEC and PMC conditions for fields polarized TE or TM with respect to the coordinate defining the surface

Evolution of Electromagnetics in the 19th Century

Steps leading to the present-day electromagnetic theory made in the 19th Century are briefly reviewed. The progress can be roughly divided in two branches which are called Continental and British Electromagnetics. The former was based on Newton's action-at-a-distance principle and French mathematics while the latter grew from Faraday's contact-action principle, the concept of field lines and physical analogies. Maxwell's field theory and its experimental verification marked the last stage in the process