Becoming music teachers: preservice music teachers' early beliefs about music teaching and learning

A major component in the socialisation of teachers is the development of a belief system, which is closely related to their identities. A better understanding of the belief systems and identities of preservice teachers when they begin the process of secondary socialisation could influence approaches to teacher preparation. The purpose of this study was to understand preservice teachers’ initial beliefs about music education as well as their conceptualisations of their identities. Data were drawn from selected assignments completed by students who were enrolled in an introductory-level music education course at a university in the northeastern United States. Through an analysis of the data using a constant comparative approach, three broad themes emerged: A desire to share and develop passion; expressing, feeling, and emotional growth; and providing opportunities for all students. Implications for teacher educators and suggestions for further research are discussed.Accepted manuscrip

Attitudes toward risk among emergency physicians and advanced practice clinicians in Massachusetts

Objective Risk aversion is a personality trait influential to decision making in medicine. Little is known about how emergency department (ED) clinicians differ in their attitudes toward risk taking. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey of practicing ED clinicians (physicians and advanced practice clinicians [APCs]) in Massachusetts using the following 4 existing validated scales: the Risk-Taking Scale (RTS), Stress from Uncertainty Scale (SUS), the Fear of Malpractice Scale (FMS), and the Need for (Cognitive) Closure Scale (NCC). We used Cronbach\u27s α to assess the reliability of each scale and performed multivariable linear regressions to analyze the association between the score for each scale and clinician characteristics. Results Of 1458 ED clinicians recruited for participation, 1116 (76.5%) responded from 93% of acute care hospitals in Massachusetts. Each of the 4 scales demonstrated high internal consistency reliability with Cronbach\u27s αs ranging from 0.76 to 0.92. The 4 scales also were moderately correlated with one another (0.08 to 0.54; all P \u3c 0.05). The multivariable results demonstrated differences between physicians and APCs, with physicians showing a greater tolerance for risk or uncertainty (NCC difference, −3.58 [95% confidence interval, CI, −5.26 to −1.90]; SUS difference, −3.14 [95% CI: −4.99 to −1.29]) and a higher concern about malpractice (FMS difference, 1.14 [95% CI, 0.11–2.17]). Differences were also observed based on clinician age (a proxy for years of experience), with greater age associated with greater tolerance of risk or uncertainty (age older than 50 years compared with age 35 years and younger; NCC difference, −2.84 [95% CI, −4.69 to −1.00]; SUS difference, −4.71 [95% CI, −6,74 to −2.68]) and less concern about malpractice (FMS difference, −3.19 [95% CI, −4.31 to −2.06]). There were no appreciable differences based on sex, and there were no consistent associations between scale scores and the practice and payment characteristics assessed. Conclusion We found that risk attitudes of ED clinicians were associated with type of training (physician vs APC) and age (experience). These differences suggest one possible explanation for the observed differences in decision making

A qualitative investigation of the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on emergency physicians\u27 emotional experiences and coping strategies

Study objective Throughout the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, emergency physicians in the United States have faced unprecedented challenges, risks, and uncertainty while caring for patients in an already vulnerable healthcare system. As such, the pandemic has exacerbated high levels of negative emotions and burnout among emergency physicians, but little systematic qualitative work has documented these phenomena. The purpose of this qualitative investigation was to study emergency physicians’ emotional experiences in response to COVID-19 and the coping strategies that they employed to navigate the pandemic. Methods From September 2020 to February 2021, we conducted semistructured interviews with 26 emergency physicians recruited from 2 early COVID-19 epicenters: New York City and the Metro Boston region. Interviews, coding, and analyses were conducted using a grounded theory approach. Results Emergency physicians reported heightened anxiety, empathy, sadness, frustration, and anger during the pandemic. Physicians frequently attributed feelings of anxiety to medical uncertainty around the COVID-19 virus, personal risk of contracting the virus and transmitting it to family members, the emergency environment, and resource availability. Emergency physicians also discussed the emotional effects of policies prohibiting patients’ family members from entering the emergency department (ED), both on themselves and patients. Sources of physician anger and frustration included changing policies and rules, hospital leadership and administration, and pay cuts. Some physicians described an evolving, ongoing coping process in response to the pandemic, and most identified collective discussion and processing within the emergency medicine community as an effective coping strategy. Conclusions Our findings underscore the need to investigate the effects of physicians’ pandemic-related emotional stress and burnout on patient care. Evidence-based interventions to support emergency physicians in coping with pandemic-related trauma are needed

Honors Day, April 30, 1972

Honors Day Programs, Murray State University. (Digitization and metadata processed by Madison Erwin.

Clinician Risk Tolerance and Rates of Admission From the Emergency Department

IMPORTANCE Much remains unknown about the extent of and factors that influence clinician-level variation in rates of admission from the emergency department (ED). In particular, emergency clinician risk tolerance is a potentially important attribute, but it is not well defined in terms of its association with the decision to admit. OBJECTIVE To further characterize this variation in rates of admission from the ED and to determine whether clinician risk attitudes are associated with the propensity to admit. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this observational cohort study, data were analyzed from the Massachusetts All Payer Claims Database to identify all ED visits from October 2015 through December 2017 with any form of commercial insurance or Medicaid. ED visits were then linked to treating clinicians and their risk tolerance scores obtained in a separate statewide survey to examine the association between risk tolerance and the decision to admit. Statistical analysis was performed from 2022 to 2023. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The ratio between observed and projected admission rates was computed, controlling for hospital, and then plotted against the projected admission rates to find the extent of variation. Pearson correlation coefficients were then used to examine the association between the mean projected rate of admission and the difference between actual and projected rates of admission. The consistency of clinician admission practices across a range of the most common conditions resulting in admission were then assessed to understand whether admission decisions were consistent across different conditions. Finally, an assessment was made as to whether the extent of deviation from the expected admission rates at an individual level was associated with clinician risk tolerance. RESULTS The study sample included 392 676 ED visits seen by 691 emergency clinicians. Among patients seen for ED visits, 221 077 (56.3%) were female, and 236 783 (60.3%) were 45 years of age or older; 178 890 visits (46.5%) were for patients insured by Medicaid, 96 947 (25.2%) were for those with commercial insurance, 71 171 (18.5%) were Medicare Part B or Medicare Advantage, and the remaining 37 702 (9.8%) were other insurance category. Of the 691 clinicians, 429 (62.6%) were male; mean (SD) age was 46.5 (9.8) years; and 72 (10.4%) were Asian, 13 (1.9%) were Black, 577 (83.5%) were White, and 29 (4.2%) were other race. Admission rates across the clinicians included ranged from 36.3% at the 25th percentile to 48.0% at the 75th percentile (median, 42.1%). Overall, there was substantial variation in admission rates across clinicians; physicians were just as likely to overadmit or underadmit across the range of projected rates of admission (Pearson correlation coefficient, 0.046 [P = .23]). There also was weak consistency in admission rates across the most common clinical conditions, with intraclass correlations ranging from 0.09 (95% CI, 0.02-0.17) for genitourinary/syncope to 0.48 (95% CI, 0.42-0.53) for cardiac/syncope. Greater clinician risk tolerance (as measured by the Risk Tolerance Scale) was associated with a statistically significant tendency to admit less than the projected admission rate (coefficient, −0.09 [P = .04]). The other scales studied revealed no significant associations. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this cohort study of ED visits from Massachusetts, there was statistically significant variation between ED clinicians in admission rates and little consistency in admission tendencies across different conditions. Admission tendencies were minimally associated with clinician innate risk tolerance as assessed by this study’s measures; further research relying on a broad range of measures of risk tolerance is needed to better understand the role of clinician attitudes toward risk in explaining practice patterns and to identify additional factors that may be associated with variation at the clinician level

Animal Science Newsletter, Spring 2011

Dedicated to the Alumni and Friends of the Animal Sciences Department, University of Arkansas

Cyclops 1973

Cyclops 1973: Yearbook of North Georgia College for the 1972-73 academic year. Volume 66. This edition can also be found at https://archive.org/details/cyclops197366nort.https://digitalcommons.northgeorgia.edu/yearbooks/1058/thumbnail.jp

Daily Eastern News: October 26, 1990

https://thekeep.eiu.edu/den_1990_oct/1018/thumbnail.jp