Flow chart of recruitment and loss to following up.

<p>Flow chart of recruitment and loss to following up.</p

The interaction between maternal weight status and first and third months’ feeding pattern on children’s BMI-Z at age one and age two.

<p>The interaction between maternal weight status and first and third months’ feeding pattern on children’s BMI-Z at age one and age two.</p

The independent effect of maternal weight status and first and third months’ feeding pattern on children’s BMI-Z at age one and age two.

<p>The independent effect of maternal weight status and first and third months’ feeding pattern on children’s BMI-Z at age one and age two.</p

The characteristics of children and family in relation to maternal pre-pregnancy weight status.

<p>The characteristics of children and family in relation to maternal pre-pregnancy weight status.</p

The interactive effects between maternal pre-pregnancy weight status and feeding pattern in the first and third months on children’s BMI-Z at age one and age two.

<p>The interactive effects between maternal pre-pregnancy weight status and feeding pattern in the first and third months on children’s BMI-Z at age one and age two.</p

Results Interpretation: Meta-analysis of the output from the regression of standardized cognitive z-score onto LAZ and diarrhea prevalence as continuous variables (model 1).^a.

a<p>. We only report the pooled coefficients for variables with like definitions across study sites (i.e. diarrhea prevalence, LAZ, sex). Variables treated differently across study sites were not pooled (i.e. SES, age at cognitive assessment, maternal education).</p

Results of country-level linear regression models to determine the association of diarrhea on cognition.^a^,^b^,^c^,^d^,^e.

a<p>. For each data set, standardized cognitive Z-score served as the outcome of linear regression.</p>b<p>. All four regression analyses controlled for diarrhea prevalence, stunting and sex in the same way. Diarrhea prevalence was coded as the percentage of days/periods during which diarrhea was reported; LAZ was treated as a continuous z-score; sex was a categorical variable (0 = male, 1 = female).</p>c<p>. SES was controlled for differently in each country given the data available from each site: 1) Philippines: controlled for log household income and ownership of assets; 2) Brazil: controlled for monthly income and the number of rooms in the household per person; 3) Peru: controlled for log household income; and 4) Guatemala: controlled for a multi-component SES score (through factor analysis) for the household as a continuous variable and residence in one of four villages.</p>d<p>. Age (in months) at cognitive evaluation was treated as a continuous variable in Philippines, Brazil, and Peru.. In Guatemala, the children were 4 years of age at cognitive assessment, and therefore age was controlled for by the addition of categorical indicator variables for birth year to the regression model.</p>e<p>. In Philippines, Peru and Guatemala, maternal education was defined as the average number of years enrolled in school. In Brazil, maternal education was a categorical variable representing the percentage of mothers that had not completed primary school.</p

Description of key study variables and variation in cognitive testing strategies across studies.

a)<p>Maternal education expressed as mean years enrolled in school.</p>b)<p>Maternal education expressed as % of mothers who had not completed primary school.</p

Forest plot of the change in cognitive Z-score per 1% increase in diarrhea prevalence controlling for LAZ score as a continuous variable, mother's education, sex, age at cognition and SES.

<p>Forest plot of the change in cognitive Z-score per 1% increase in diarrhea prevalence controlling for LAZ score as a continuous variable, mother's education, sex, age at cognition and SES.</p

Flow diagram of studies included in the individual participant meta-analysis of the interaction between malaria infection and maternal malnutrition on birthweight.

<p>M3, Maternal Malaria and Malnutrition Initiative.</p