3 research outputs found

    Thermal desorption as a high removal remediation technique for soils contaminated with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs)

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    Soils contaminated with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are an important source for impacting drinking water delivery systems and surface water bodies world-wide, posing an urgent risk to human health and environmental quality. However, few treatment techniques have been tested for PFAS-contaminated soil hotspots. This study investigated the possibility of thermal desorption as a possible technique to remediate soils contaminated with multiple PFASs. Two fortified soils ( n-ary sumation (9)PFAS approximate to 4 mg kg(-1)) and one field-contaminated soil ( n-ary sumation (9)PFAS approximate to 0.025 mg kg(-1)) were subjected to a 75-min thermal treatment at temperatures ranging from 150 to 550 degrees C. Soil concentrations of PFASs showed a significant decrease at 350 degrees C, with the n-ary sumation (9)PFAS concentration decreasing by, on average, 43% and 79% in the fortified and field contaminated soils, respectively. At 450 degrees C, >99% of PFASs were removed from the fortified soils, while at 550 degrees C the fraction removed ranged between 71 and 99% for the field contaminated soil. In the field contaminated soil, PFAS classes with functional groups of sulfonates (PFSAs) and sulfonamides (FOSAs) showed higher removal than the perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs). Thus thermal desorption has the potential to remove a wide variety of PFASs from soil, although more studies are needed to investigate the cost-effectiveness, creation of transformation products, and air-phase vacuum filtration techniques

    En utvÀrdering för termisk rening av jord förorenad av per- och polyfluoralkylsubstanser (PFASs)

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    Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a diverse group of persistent organic pollutants. PFASs have a wide area of applications such as stain repellent for paper, textile, furniture and industrial products such as aqueous film forming foams (AFFFs) used for firefighting. However, during production, usage and disposal, PFASs can be released into the environment and can therefore be a threat to humans and the ecosystems. Thus, it is important to develop soil remediation techniques for PFASs. The aim of this thesis has been to evaluate if thermal desorption can be used as a remediation method for PFASs-contaminated soil. The idea of thermal desorption is to vaporize the PFASs by high temperature, extract the PFASs from the soil by vacuum pumping and then trapping the PFASs into an air filter. The air filter can then be removed and incinerated at a high temperature to degrade PFASs. The thermal desorption has been performed in an oven at various temperatures (i.e. 150 °C, 250 °C, 350 °C, 450 °C and 550 °C) during time periods of 15 min, 45 min and 75 min for clay soil, loamy sand soil and a mixed soil from Arlanda airport. After the thermal desorption the PFASs have been extracted in methanol and then measured with an Ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass-spectrometer (UPLC-MS/MS). The results show that the method is a success. 6 of 14 PFASs in the soil from Arlanda airport and all PFASs in the clay soil and the loamy sand soil reached a removal efficiency above 90 %. The results also show that all PFASs in all soils have been desorbed below the guide line value for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) for less sensitive land use, 3 mg/kg dw, given by Swedish Geological Institute (SGI). All samples have reached this limit above thermal desorption in 450 °C with treatment time 75 min.Per- och polyfluoralkylsubstanser (PFASs) Àr en stor grupp av svÄrnedbrytbara organiska föroreningar. I polyfluoralkylsubstanser har minst en fluoratom ersatt en vÀteatom, medan alla vÀteatomer har ersatts med fluoratomer i perfluoralkylsubstanser. Den starka klor-fluorbindningen som uppstÄr gör dem oerhört resistenta mot nedbrytning. PFASs kan bioackumulera i organismer och vissa PFASs har visat toxiska effekter pÄ mÀnniskor. Brandskum av typen AFFF (Aqueous Film Forming Foam) innehÄller PFASs och anvÀnds pÄ flygplatser för att slÀcka brÀnslebrÀnder, flygplatserna Àr dÀrmed punktkÀllor för PFASs. PÄ grund av att PFASs anvÀnds i brandskum lakas det ut i marken och kommer följaktligen i kontakt med grundvattnet. NÀr PFASs kontaminerat grundvattnet Àr det risk för att dessa föroreningar hamnar i vÄra vattenkranar dÄ mÄnga akviferer anvÀnds som dricksvattenkÀllor. Det Àr dÀrmed viktigt att utvÀrdera marksaneringstekniker för PFAS för att förhindra ytterligare spridning. Syftet med denna studie Àr att utvÀrdera om termisk desorption kan anvÀndas som en saneringsmetod för mark förorenad av PFASs. Saneringsmetoden har visat sig framgÄngsrik pÄ andra föroreningar sÄsom polyklorerade bifenyler (PCB) och polycykliska aromatiska kolvÀten (PAH). Den termiska desorptionen gÄr ut pÄ att hetta upp PFASs Ànda till att Àmnena förÄngas. DÄ kan föroreningen extraheras frÄn jorden genom vakuumpumpning och koncentreras i ett filter. Filtret avlÀgsnas sedan och förbrÀnns i hög temperatur. I det hÀr experimentet har jordarna frystorkats och homogeniserats innan den termiska desorptionen utfördes. Den termiska saneringen har genomförts i ugnar som har kunnat vÀrma upp till Ätminstone 550 °C. Proverna har dÀrefter genomgÄtt en upparbetningsprocess för att mÀta de resterande mÀngderna av PFASs. Efter det har proven analyserats i en vÀtskekromatograf kopplad till en masspektrometer (UPLC MS/MS) för att se hur mycket PFASs som var kvar i de termiskt behandlade jordproverna. Resultaten visade att för alla PFAS-Àmnen i alla tre jordar, hade den termiska reningen lyckats sanera föroreningarna till en nivÄ som ligger under riktvÀrdena frÄn Sveriges Geotekniska institut (SGI) för mindre kÀnslig markanvÀndning för PFOS. I sandjorden (HögÄsa) och lerjorden (Vreta kloster) hade alla PFASs nÄtt en reningsgrad över 90 % över 450 °C efter 75 minuter. För jorden frÄn Arlanda var saneringen inte lika framgÄngsrik, 6 av 14 Àmnen blev sanerade till över 90 % för 550 °C efter 75 minuter. Slutsatsen Àr dÀrför att metoden fungerar

    Individually tailored internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy for older adults with anxiety and depression: a randomised controlled trial

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    Mixed anxiety and depression is common among older adults. The aim of the study was to compare the effects of an eight-week-long tailored internet-supported cognitive behaviour therapy (ICBT) programme and to compare against the provision of weekly general support. A second aim was to investigate if pre-treatment cognitive flexibility and self-reported cognitive problems would predict outcome. We included 66 older adults (aged over 60 years) with mixed anxiety/depression following media recruitment and randomised them into treatment and control groups. We also included a one-year follow-up. As a measure of executive function, we used the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (perseverative errors) and the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire during the pre-treatment phase. Results showed a moderate between-group effect on the main outcome measure, the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) (d= .50), favouring the treatment group. Nearly half (45.5%) of that group were classified as responders. One person (3%) in the treatment group deteriorated. There were significant correlations between perseverative errors and outcome (on the BAI r = -.45), but not among self-reported cognitive function. We conclude that guided, tailored ICBT may be effective for some older adults and that the role of cognitive function needs to be investigated further
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