13 research outputs found

    Cama de aves de corral un factor importante en la seguridad alimentaria

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    The litter is an essential component in poultry production, as the birds inhabit this material for most of their production cycle. As a result, located in the litter is feces, enteric bacteria, pathogens of zoonotic importance and / or foodborne pathogens, pesticides and antimicrobials, which affect the health of birds. After the poultry production cycle, litter is commonly used as an organic fertilizer to improve the quality of the soil and of crops. Despite its wide use in poultry and agriculture, little is known about its importance in food security. The present study provides more information about litter-borne pathogens, the risks associated with contaminants and zoonotic diseases in the waste generated from poultry, management practices and treatments. It is essential to consider the impact of the litter because not doing so represents a danger to humans, animals, and the environment.La cama es un componente esencial en la producción de aves de corral, ya que habitan sobre este material la mayor parte de su ciclo productivo, por consiguiente, en ella se puede encontrar heces, bacterias entéricas, patógenos de importancia zoonótica y/o de transmisión alimentaria, plaguicidas y antimicrobianos, los cuales pueden afectar la sanidad de las aves. Después del ciclo de producción avícola, la cama es comúnmente utilizada como fertilizante orgánico para mejorar la calidad de los suelos y los cultivos. A pesar de su amplio uso en la avicultura y agricultura, se conoce poco acerca de su importancia en la seguridad alimentaria, por lo cual, la presente revisión discute acerca de los patógenos y contaminantes presentes en la cama y sus riesgos para la seguridad alimentaria, además las prácticas de manejo y tratamientos más adecuados. Información que será útil para maximizar los usos de la cama y los desechos avícolas, para que estos no representen un peligro para las personas, animales y el medio ambiente.   A cama utilizada na produção de aves, é um fator muito importante nesta cadeia produtiva e na saúde pública, uma vez que afeta a sanidade dos animais porque pode conter patógenos de importância zoonótica e / ou transmissão alimentar, resíduos de pesticidas e antimicrobianos, condições que convertem a cama de aviário, em uma fonte de infecção para penas e trato digestivo das aves do consumo humano. Além disso, o uso da cama como fertilizante para melhorar a qualidade do solo e das culturas, sem tratamento adequado após o ciclo produtivo das aves poderia poluir o meio ambiente ou produtos frescos e estar relacionado a surtos de doenças transmitidas por alimentos. Dada a importância da cama na produção de aves, o objetivo desta revisão, é informar sobre os efeitos do manejo inadequado da cama na saúde pública, e portanto, gerar a necessidade de executar controles rigorosos dos resíduos na avicultura, para melhorar sua qualidade e segurança e fortalecer a segurança alimentar

    Effects of oregano (Lippia origanoides) essential oil supplementation on the performance, egg quality, and intestinal morphometry of Isa Brown laying hens

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    Background and Aim: The use of antibiotics as growth promoters in the feed of poultry, has contributed to an increase in the antimicrobial resistance of foodborne pathogens worldwide. Hence, the development of new effective alternatives to antibiotics that do not hinder productivity is imperative. For this, the aim of the present study was to determine whether oregano essential oil (OEO) extracted from Lippia origanoides is a suitable alternative to growth-promoting antibiotics (GPAs) for improving the performance, egg quality, and intestinal morphometry of ISA Brown laying hens. Materials and Methods: A total of ninety-six 70-week-old ISA Brown laying hens were randomly assigned to four treatment groups with four replicates per treatment and six hens per replicate. The treatments consisted of four different diets that were formulated according to the nutritional requirements of the genetic line and the production phase with and without the addition of GPA and OEO: NC, which did not contain OEO or GPA; GPA, which included 50 ppm zinc bacitracin as a GPA; 80OEO, which included 80 ppm OEO and no GPA; and 150OEO, which included 150 ppm OEO and no GPA. Results: All of the OEO and GPA treatment groups had a better feed conversion ratio than the NC group. However, the addition of 150 ppm OEO to the diet improved the percentage egg production and egg mass, as well as the external and internal quality of the egg compared with the other treatments. In addition, both the 80OEO and 150OEO treatments improved the yolk color, shell thickness, and shell color, as well as parameters related to the intestinal morphometry compared with the NC group. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that 150 ppm OEO can be used as a substitute for GPA to improve the performance, egg quality, and parameters related to the intestinal morphometry of ISA Brown laying hens

    Corn types with different nutritional profiles, extruded or not, on piglets (6 to 15 kg) feeding

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    Two experiments were carried out to determine the nutritional value and verify piglets' performance in the nursery phase fed with diets containing common corn (CC), extruded common corn (ECC), high-lysine corn (HLC), extruded high-lysine corn (EHLC), high-oil corn (HOC) and extruded high-oil corn (EHOC). In the total digestibility trial 14 barrows averaging 6.49 ± 0.16 kg initial body weight were allotted in metabolism cages, distributed in a randomized design with seven diets, six replicates, and one piglet per experimental unit. The values of digestible energy (DE), as well as metabolizable energy (ME) as-fed basis for CC, ECC, HLC, EHLC, HOC and EHOC were: 3,428 and 3,327 kcal/kg; 3,439 and 3,355 kcal/kg; 3,533 and 3,414 kcal/kg; 3,515 and 3,427 kcal/kg; 3,483 and 3,377 kcal/kg; 3,585 and 3,482 kcal/kg, respectively. In the performance experiment, 84 piglets, weaned at 21 days old, initial live weight of 6.06 ± 0.54 kg were used. Animals were allotted in a completely randomized design in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement, using three types of corn (CC, HLC and HOC), two forms of processing (processed or not by extrusion), seven replicates and two piglets per experimental unit. Six diets containing CC, ECC, HLC, EHLC, HOC and EHOC were studied. There were no advantages in the digestibility and performance by extruding the types of corn with different nutritional profiles, for their use in commercial diets for piglets. The results of the two experiments emphasize the importance of segregating the types of corn, extruded or not, in their real chemical and energetic composition as well as the values of true digestible amino acids for the formulation of piglet diets in the nursery phase

    Farelo de canola na alimentação de suínos na fase inicial

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    Three experiments were carried out to determine the nutritional values and evaluate the performance of piglets fed on canola meal. In experiment I, a digestibility assay was conducted using fourteen barrow pigs, with an initial body weight of 20.62±3.30 kg. The evaluated feedstuff was canola meal, with a level of 250 g/kg in the basal diet (corn + soybean meal-based). The experimental unit consisted of one pig, with a total of seven experimental units per diet. The values as (fed basis) of digestible (DE) and metabolizable (ME) energy of canola meal were 2,995 kcal/kg and 2,796 kcal/kg, respectively. In experiment II, ileal digestibility assays were carried out to determine the apparent and true ileal digestibility coefficient and digestible amino acids. Three crossbred pigs were used, with a BW of 38.6±1.98 kg. The treatments consisted of two diets, with a single source of protein (canola meal) and one protein-free diet (OFD). The values of digestible amino acids in canola meal were as follows: lysine: 11.8 g/kg; methionine+cystine: 9.1 g/kg; threonine: 7.9 g/kg; tryptophan: 2.4 g/kg; leucine: 15.7 g/kg; and isoleucine: 8.7 g/kg. In experiment III, 60 piglets (BW= 15.08±0.72 kg to 30.26±2.78 kg) were allotted in a completely randomized design. The treatments consisted of four diets with increasing levels of canola meal (50, 100, 150 and 200 g/kg), six replicates and experimental unit consisted of two pigs. Additionally, a control diet was formulated containing 0.0 g/kg CM. Regression analysis indicates that there was no effect (P?0.05) of the level of canola meal inclusion on pigs performance. The performance results suggest that it is feasible to use up to 200 g/kg of canola meal in starting pigs diet, without impairing performance and the feeding cost.Foram conduzidos três experimentos com o objetivo de determinar o valor nutricional e avaliar o desempenho de leitões alimentados com farelo de canola (FC). No Experimento I foi conduzido um ensaio de digestibilidade total com 14 suínos mestiços de linhagem comercial, machos castrados, com 20,32±3,30 kg de PV inicial. O alimento teste foi o farelo de canola, com o nível de 250 g/kg na ração referência (milho + farelo de soja). Cada suíno constituiu uma unidade experimental, totalizando sete unidades experimentais por ração. Os valores de energia digestível (ED) e energia metabolizável (EM) na matéria natural para o FC foram 2995 kcal/kg e 2796 kcal/kg respectivamente. No Experimento II foi conduzido um ensaio para determinar os coeficientes de digestibilidade ileal aparente e verdadeira e aminoácidos digestíveis. Foram utilizados três suínos canulados com 38,6±1,98 kg de PV. Os tratamentos consistiram em duas dietas, uma dieta contendo FC como única fonte de proteína e uma dieta isenta de proteína. Os valores de aminoácidos digestíveis do FC foram: lisina: 11,8 g/kg, metionina+cistina: 9,1 g/kg e treonina: 7,9 g/kg, triptofano: 2,4 g/kg; leucina: 15,7 g/kg e isoleucina: 8,7 g/kg. No Experimento III foram utilizados 60 leitões, com peso vivo inicial de 15,08±0,72 kg e final de 30,26±2,78 kg, distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizados. Os tratamentos consistiram em quatro dietas com níveis de inclusão de FC (50, 100, 150 e 200 g/kg), com seis repetições e dois suínos por unidade experimental. Adicionalmente, foi formulada uma ração testemunha (RT), contendo 0% de FC. A análise de regressão indicou que não houve efeito (P?0,05) do nível de inclusão do FC sobre o desempenho. Os resultados de desempenho sugerem que é viável a utilização em até 200 g/kg de FC nas rações, sem prejuízos no desempenho e no custo com a alimentação.

    Glicerina semipurificada neutralizada na alimentação de leitões na fase pré-inicial (6 A 15 kg)

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    Two experiments were carried out to determine the nutritional value of neutralized semi-purified glycerin (NSPG) and to evaluate the performance of pre-starting piglets (6-15 kg) fed on diets containing increasing levels of NSPG. In Experiment I, a digestibility trial with 30 barrows (11.80 ± 5.12 kg live weight) was conducted, in which they were allotted in a randomized block design. Replacement levels of the basal diet by NSPG were 3, 6, 9, and 12%. The values (as-fed-base) of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) of NSPG were 3535 and 3279 kcal/kg, respectively. In Experiment II, 135 piglets, weaned at 21 days of age (6.85 ± 1.28 to 15.04 ± 2.06 kg), were allotted in a randomized-block design. Treatments consisted of five diets (3, 6, 9, and 12% NSPG as well as a control diet with 0% of NSPG), with nine replications, and three piglets per experimental unit. The results show that, in the pre-starting I (6-10 kg) phase, adding NSPG promoted a linear improvement in the average daily gain (ADG) and the feed-to-gain ratio (F:G). For the total period (6-15 kg), only linear improvements (P ? 0.05) to ADG were observed. The plasma variables were not influenced (P ? 0.05) by the inclusion of NSPG, as it remained within the biological range of the species. The results suggest that up to 12% NSPG can be included in the diets of piglets (6-15 kg) without impairing the plasmatic variables, performance, and economic feasibility. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos com o objetivo de determinar o valor nutricional da glicerina semipurificada neutralizada (GSPN) e avaliar o desempenho de suínos na fase pré-inicial (6 a 15 kg), alimentados com rações contendo níveis crescentes de GSPN. No Experimento I, foi conduzido um ensaio de digestibilidade com 30 leitões machos castrados (11,80 ± 5,12 kg), distribuídos em um delineamento em blocos casualizado. Os níveis de substituição da ração referência pela GSPN foram 3, 6, 9 e 12%. Os valores (na matéria natural) de Energia Digestível (ED) e Energia Metabolizável (EM) da GSPN foram 3535 kcal/kg e 3279 kcal/kg respectivamente. No Experimento II, foram utilizados 135 leitões recém-desmamados com 21 dias de idade (6,85±1,28 a 15,04±2,06 kg), distribuídos em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizado. Os tratamentos consistiram de cinco rações, (3, 6, 9, 12% de GSPN e uma ração testemunha com 0% de GSPN), com nove repetições e três leitões por unidade experimental. Os resultados demonstram que na fase pré-inicial I (6 a 10 kg) a adição de GSPN promoveu melhora linear no ganho diário de peso (GDP) e conversão alimentar (CA). Para o período total (6 a 15 kg), foi observado apenas melhora linear (P ? 0,05) para GDP. As variáveis plasmáticas não foram influenciadas pela inclusão da GSPN. Os resultados sugerem que a GSPN pode ser incluída em até 12% em rações para leitões (6 a 15 kg) sem influenciar as variáveis plasmáticas, de desempenho e as variáveis econômicas

    Neutral semi-purified glycerin in starting pigs feeding

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    A glicerina é o principal coproduto da produção do biodiesel, e é proposta sua utilização como uma fonte de alto potencial energético na alimentação de suínos. No entanto é necessário determinar seu valor nutricional da glicerina semi-purificada neutralizada (GSPN). Neste estudo, foram conduzidos dois experimentos com o objetivo de determinar o valor nutricional, avaliar o desempenho e a viabilidade econômica de leitões alimentados com GSPN. O ensaio de digestibilidade (Experimento I) foi conduzido utilizando 30 suínos mestiços com peso vivo médio inicial de 42,91 ± 1,58 kg. Os níveis de substituição da ração referência pela glicerina foram 4, 8, 12 e 16%. Os valores de energia digestível (ED) e metabolizável (EM) das glicerinas foram estimados pela análise de regressão do consumo de ED e EM (kcal/kg) associada com a glicerina vs. consumo de glicerina (kg). Os valores de ED e EM (kcal/ kg), na matéria natural, obtidos foram de: 3.298 e 2.531 kcal/kg respectivamente. No experimento II, 100 leitões (50 fêmeas e 50 machos cadastros) com peso vivo inicial de 15,14±0,06 a 30,28±0,65 kg) foram distribuídos em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com quatro níveis de inclusão (3,5; 7,0; 10,5 e 14%), dez repetições e dois leitões por unidade experimental. Adicionalmente, foi formulada uma ração testemunha, não contendo glicerina (0%). Os resultados sugerem que é viável a utilização em até 14 %, na ração de leitões na fase inicial, sem prejuízos no desempenho e variáveis plasmáticas.Glycerin is a major co-product resulting from biodiesel production, and it has been proposed as a highenergy source for use in swine diets. However, it is necessary to determine the nutritional value of neutral semi-purified glycerin (NSPG). In this study two experiments were carried out to determine the nutritional value, evaluated the performance and economic feasibility of starting piglets fed on neutral semi-purified glycerin. A digestibility trial (Experiment I) was conducted using 30 crossbred barrows with an initial average body weight of 42.91±1.58 kg. The glycerin levels used in the digestibility assay were 4, 8, 12 and 16% of the basal diet (corn + soybean meal based). The digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable (ME) energy values of glycerin were estimated by regression of DE and ME (kcal/kg) intake associated with glycerin vs. glycerin intake (kg). The values (as-fed-basis) of DE and ME (kcal/ kg) obtained were 3,298 and 2,531, respectively. In Experiment II, 100 piglets (50 gilts and 50 barrows) with BW = 15.14±0.06 to 30.28±0.65 were allotted in a randomized design using four inclusion levels (3.5, 7.0, 10.5 and 14%) of NSPG. There were ten replicates with two piglets per experimental unit. Additionally, a control diet containing no glycerin (0%) was formulated. The results show it is feasible to use up to 14% NSPG in piglet feed without impairing performance and plasma chemistry
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