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Influence of sow dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid source on the immunoglobulin profile of piglets
To examine the effect of different n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) sources in sow diets on piglets’ immunoglobulin (Ig) profile, two groups of twelve sows each were fed different diets from day 45 of pregnancy and during lactation on two commercial farms. On farm I, a palm oil diet (25 g/kg; PALM) and a linseed oil containing diet (20 g/kg; LIN) were fed. On farm II, the same PALM diet and a fish oil containing diet (20 g/kg; FISH) were fed. All diets contained equal amounts of C18:2n-6 (13 g/kg). One day before parturition, blood (for serum) was taken and shortly after parturition, colostrum was taken from the sows (not from sows on farm I) for determination of Ig levels. On day 5 post partum and the day before weaning, blood (for serum) was taken from 4 piglets of six sows per group (24 piglets in total per group; for 5-d old piglets on farm II, only 6 piglets of the FISH group were sampled). In all samples total IgG, IgA, IgM concentration and specific F4-IgG, -IgA and -IgM titer (Log2 titer) against E. coli were determined. On farm I, the sows of the LIN group showed a trend towards lower IgG titers compared to the PALM group around farrowing (P<0.1). On farm II, the sows on the FISH diet showed a significantly (P<0.05) lower F4-IgG titer compared to the sows fed PALM. The colostrum samples on farm II showed no differences between both groups. On farm I, the 5-d old piglets from the LIN group had significantly higher IgA and IgM concentrations and higher F4-IgA and F4-IgM titers (P<0.05). F4-IgA and F4-IgG titers were also significantly higher at weaning in the LIN group compared to the PALM group. On farm II, the piglets of the FISH group had a significantly higher IgG concentration and F4-IgA titer (P<0.05) and a trend towards a higher IgM concentration (P<0.1) around weaning compared to the PALM group. It seems that fish oil in the maternal diet increases total IgG concentration, while linseed oil reduces total IgG and increases total IgA compared to a palm fat containing diet. Both fish and linseed oil seem to have a positive effect on total IgM concentration compared to the palm diet
Agata Miklavc, Violin
Claire de lune; La plus que lente; La fille aux cheveux de lin / Claude Debussy; Tzigane / Maurice Ravel; Piano Trio in G major / Claude Debuss
The maximum forcing number of polyomino
The forcing number of a perfect matching of a graph is the
cardinality of the smallest subset of that is contained in no other perfect
matchings of . For a planar embedding of a 2-connected bipartite planar
graph which has a perfect matching, the concept of Clar number of hexagonal
system had been extended by Abeledo and Atkinson as follows: a spanning
subgraph of is called a Clar cover of if each of its components is
either an even face or an edge, the maximum number of even faces in Clar covers
of is called Clar number of , and the Clar cover with the maximum number
of even faces is called the maximum Clar cover. It was proved that if is a
hexagonal system with a perfect matching and is a set of hexagons in a
maximum Clar cover of , then has a unique 1-factor. Using this
result, Xu {\it et. at.} proved that the maximum forcing number of the
elementary hexagonal system are equal to their Clar numbers, and then the
maximum forcing number of the elementary hexagonal system can be computed in
polynomial time. In this paper, we show that an elementary polyomino has a
unique perfect matching when removing the set of tetragons from its maximum
Clar cover. Thus the maximum forcing number of elementary polyomino equals to
its Clar number and can be computed in polynomial time. Also, we have extended
our result to the non-elementary polyomino and hexagonal system
A Note on the Maximum Genus of Graphs with Diameter 4
Let G be a simple graph with diameter four, if G does not contain complete
subgraph K3 of order three
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