CO 2 emission characteristics and reduction responsibility of industrial subsectors in China

Abstract(#br)Industrial subsectors have an important role in reducing China’s carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions. The present study analyzes the CO 2 emission characteristics of selected subsectors. Results show that the electric and heat power sector is the major industrial CO 2 emitter, and CO 2 emissions of most sectors present huge inter-provincial and inter-regional differences. Then, the CO 2 emission reduction responsibility of provincial-level industrial subsectors is confirmed by the decoupling model. Results show that the development of a low-carbon economy in the nonmetal sector is ideal, and the economic growth in Shanxi and Guizhou is moving toward a low-carbon and energy-saving mode. Moreover, the subsectors that each province should focus on are identified. Finally, constructive suggestions for policymakers to promote low-carbon economy and sustainable development are provided

CO2 emission characteristics and reduction responsibility of industrial subsectors in China.

Industrial subsectors have an important role in reducing China’s carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The present study analyzes the CO2 emission characteristics of selected subsectors. Results show that the electric and heat power sector is the major industrial CO2 emitter, and CO2 emissions of most sectors present huge inter-provincial and inter-regional differences. Then, the CO2 emission reduction responsibility of provincial-level industrial subsectors is confirmed by the decoupling model. Results show that the development of a low-carbon economy in the nonmetal sector is ideal, and the economic growth in Shanxi and Guizhou is moving toward a low-carbon and energy-saving mode. Moreover, the subsectors that each province should focus on are identified. Finally, constructive suggestions for policymakers to promote low-carbon economy and sustainable development are provided

Analysis and Discussion on Subway Construction Accidents from Geological Perspective

Several cave-in accidents often occur in subway construction, causing personnel and economic losses. This paper has carried on the statistics and analysis of some typical subway construction accidents in recent years. Taking the collapse accident of a subway station in Hangzhou as the engineering background, the causes of the collapse of the foundation pit were analyzed. The analysis found that groundwater, earthwork over-excavation, weak support design and inadequate monitoring are the main reasons. These factors should be highlighted in the construction of similar projects in the future to avoid similar tragedies

Achieving high-quality silver sintered joint for highly-reliable schottky barrier diodes via pressureless method

The fabrication of silver joints was done using the pressureless sintering technology to suit the demand of high-reliability schottky barrier diodes (SBD). Porosity of 10.6% and shear strength of 39.6 MPa were reached under the optimized parameters of 290°C sintering temperature and 40 min residence time. The sintered joint demonstrated good mechanical/thermal/electrical performance in the ultimate reliability assessment testing, including the temperature cycling test, second sintering test, steady-state lifetime test, and intermittent lifetime test. This study demonstrated the viability of pressureless sintering of silver joints with good high-temperature reliability, which has significant application potential for aeronautical high-reliability power electronics

Spatio-temporal analysis of malaria incidence at the village level in a malaria-endemic area in Hainan, China

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Malaria incidence in China's Hainan province has dropped significantly, since Malaria Programme of China Global Fund Round 1 was launched. To lay a foundation for further studies to evaluate the efficacy of Malaria Programme and to help with public health planning and resource allocation in the future, the temporal and spatial variations of malaria epidemic are analysed and areas and seasons with a higher risk are identified at a fine geographic scale within a malaria endemic county in Hainan.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Malaria cases among the residents in each of 37 villages within hyper-endemic areas of Wanning county in southeast Hainan from 2005 to 2009 were geo-coded at village level based on residence once the patients were diagnosed. Based on data so obtained, purely temporal, purely spatial and space-time scan statistics and geographic information systems (GIS) were employed to identify clusters of time, space and space-time with elevated proportions of malaria cases.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Purely temporal scan statistics suggested clusters in 2005,2006 and 2007 and no cluster in 2008 and 2009. Purely spatial clustering analyses pinpointed the most likely cluster as including three villages in 2005 and 2006 respectively, sixteen villages in 2007, nine villages in 2008, and five villages in 2009, and the south area of Nanqiao town as the most likely to have a significantly high occurrence of malaria. The space-time clustering analysis found the most likely cluster as including three villages in the south of Nanqiao town with a time frame from January 2005 to May 2007.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Even in a small traditional malaria endemic area, malaria incidence has a significant spatial and temporal heterogeneity on the finer spatial and temporal scales. The scan statistics enable the description of this spatiotemporal heterogeneity, helping with clarifying the epidemiology of malaria and prioritizing the resource assignment and investigation of malaria on a finer geographical scale in endemic areas.</p

Robust estimation of bacterial cell count from optical density

Optical density (OD) is widely used to estimate the density of cells in liquid culture, but cannot be compared between instruments without a standardized calibration protocol and is challenging to relate to actual cell count. We address this with an interlaboratory study comparing three simple, low-cost, and highly accessible OD calibration protocols across 244 laboratories, applied to eight strains of constitutive GFP-expressing E. coli. Based on our results, we recommend calibrating OD to estimated cell count using serial dilution of silica microspheres, which produces highly precise calibration (95.5% of residuals &lt;1.2-fold), is easily assessed for quality control, also assesses instrument effective linear range, and can be combined with fluorescence calibration to obtain units of Molecules of Equivalent Fluorescein (MEFL) per cell, allowing direct comparison and data fusion with flow cytometry measurements: in our study, fluorescence per cell measurements showed only a 1.07-fold mean difference between plate reader and flow cytometry data

Yunvjian-Medicated Serum Protects INS-1 Cells against Glucolipotoxicity-Induced Apoptosis through Autophagic Flux Modulation

Yunvjian (YNJ) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula adopted to prevent and treat diabetes. Our previous results from animal experiments showed that YNJ decreased blood glucose. This study aimed to examine the effect of high glucose and high lipid (HG/HL) conditions on the proliferation and apoptosis of INS-1 cells and the possible protective mechanism of YNJ-medicated serum on INS-1 cells exposed to HG/HL conditions. INS-1 cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium after being passaged. Then, INS-1 cells in the logarithmic growth phase were collected and divided into five groups: control, HG/HL, HG/HL+5% YNJ-medicated serum, HG/HL+10% YNJ-medicated serum, and HG/HL+20% YNJ-medicated serum. MTT assay and flow cytometry were used to detect proliferation and apoptosis of INS-1 cells, respectively. Protein profiles of INS-1 cells were analyzed using a tandem mass tag (TMT) label-based quantitative proteomic approach. Western blotting was performed to verify the proteomic results. YNJ-medicated serum significantly promoted INS-1 cell proliferation and inhibited apoptosis. Proteomic results from the INS-1 cells in the control, HG/HL, and HG/HL+10% YNJ-medicated serum groups showed that 7,468 proteins were identified, of which 6,423 proteins were quantified. Compared with the HG/HL group,430 differential proteins were upregulated, and 671 were downregulated in the HG/HL+10% YNJ-medicated serum group. Compared with the control group, 711 differential proteins were upregulated and 455 were downregulated in the HG/HL group, whereas 10 differential proteins were upregulated and 9 were downregulated in the HG/HL+10% YNJ-medicated serum group. Furthermore, several proteins related to autophagy, including ATG3, ATG2B, GABARAP, WIPI2, and p62/SQSTM1, were verified by western blotting, and these results were consistent with the results obtained from the proteomics analysis. These results confirmed that the autophagy pathway is critical to glucolipotoxicity in INS-1 cells. YNJ-medicated serum exhibited a protective effect on INS-1 cells cultured under HG/HL conditions by regulating autophagy genes' expression and restoring the autophagic flux

Thermal Comfort during Summer in a High-speed Railway Station in Cold Region of China

AbstractThis study explores the interaction between perceived and calculated thermal comfort in high-speed railway station in Cold Region of China. To achieve this, a questionnaire survey in two typical high-speed railway stations in Cold Region of China was conducted in conjunction with physical measurements. The study results reveal that there is a relatively large difference between perceived thermal sensations and calculated predicted mean vote (PMV) from the measurements for the majority of the waiting hall of high-speed railway station. This finding implies that the calculation of PMV is not suitable for the situation in air conditioned waiting hall of high-speed railway stations. The results also show that the length of time a respondent staying in the waiting hall also have effect on the rule of the thermal comfort

Effect and mechanism of modification treatment on ammonium and phosphate removal by ferric-modified zeolite

<p>In this study, the reason for the decline of ammonium sorption capacity by zeolite after ferric modification and the effect of modification treatment on ammonium and phosphate removal by ferric-modified zeolite were studied. Modification treatment media (Na salt and HCl) and Na concentration (0.1 and 0.9 mol/L) have been investigated. Zeolites have been characterized by SEM, XRD, BET and XRF; meanwhile, CEC and pHpzc have been also determined. Equilibrium batch sorption for ammonium and phosphate individually and kinetics batch sorption for ammonium were conducted. The results showed a decline in sorption capacity or diffusion coefficients for ammonium but an increase for phosphate after ferric modification. The decrease of surface negative charge was the main contributor for the former, but iron loading did not well account for the latter. The performance of 0.1 mol/L Na modification treatment was better than other treatments for ammonium sorption and equal to HCl modification treatment for phosphate sorption, and the enhancement extent increased for ammonium but declined for phosphate when Na concentration increased. The advantage of Na modification treatment for ammonium was due to the enhancement of textural properties and high exchange rate with ammonium.</p