Gentle handling temporarily increases c-Fos in the substantia nigra pars compacta

Dopaminergic neurotransmission is involved in the regulation of sleep. In particular, the nigrostriatal pathway is an important center of sleep regulation. We hypothesized that dopaminergic neurons located in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) could be activated by gentle handling, a method to obtain sleep deprivation (SD). Adult male C57/BL6J mice (N = 5/group) were distributed into non-SD (NSD) or SD groups. SD animals were subjected to SD once for 1 or 3 h by gentle handling. Two experiments were performed. The first determined the activation of SNpc neurons after SD, and the second examined the same parameters after pharmacologically induced dopaminergic depletion using intraperitoneal reserpine (2 mg/kg). After 1 or 3 h, SD and NSD mice were subjected to motor evaluation using the open field test. Immediately after the behavioral test, the mice were perfused intracardially to fix the brain and for immunohistochemical analysis of c-Fos protein expression within the SNpc. The open field test indicated that SD for 1 or 3 h did not modify motor behavior. However, c-Fos protein expression was increased after 1 h of SD compared with the NSD and 3-h SD groups. These immunohistochemistry data indicate that these periods of SD are not able to produce dopaminergic supersensitivity. Nevertheless, the increased expression of c-Fos within the SNpc suggests that dopaminergic nigral activation was triggered by SD earlier than motor responsiveness. Dopamine-depleted mice (experiment 2) exhibited a similar increase of c-Fos expression compared to control animals indicating that dopamine neurons are still activated in the 1-h SD group despite the exhaustion of dopamine. This finding suggests that this range (2-5-fold) of neuronal activation may serve as a marker of SD

Ascending Nociceptive Control Contributes To The Antinociceptive Effect Of Acupuncture In A Rat Model Of Acute Pain

Acupuncture-induced analgesia depends on the activation of endogenous pain modulation pathways. In this study, we asked whether ascending nociceptive control (ANC), a form of pain-induced analgesia, contributes to the antinociceptive effect of acupuncture. To answer this question, we tested the ability of procedures that block ANC-induced analgesia, at peripheral, spinal, nucleus accumbens and rostral ventral medulla levels, to block acupuncture-induced analgesia. Acupuncture at ST36 (Zusanli), a widely used acupoint located in the hind limb, induced potent heterosegmental antinociception in the orofacial formalin test. The magnitude of this antinociceptive effect was similar to that induced by an intraplantar injection of capsaicin, a procedure classically used to activate ANC. The antinociceptive effect of acupuncture was blocked by sciatic C-fibers depletion (1% perineural capsaicin), spinal administration of a μ-opioid (Cys2,Tyr3,Orn5,Pen7amide,.2 μg) or of a GABAA (bicuculline,.3 μg) receptor antagonist, intra-nucleus accumbens administration of a μ-opioid receptor antagonist (Cys2,Tyr3,Orn5,Pen7amide, 1 μg), or intrarostral ventral medulla administration of a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist (mecamylamine,.6 μg). In addition, acupuncture at ST36 and/or upper lip formalin induced c-Fos expression in the nucleus accumbens and in rostral ventral medulla. On the basis of these results, we propose that ANC contributes to the antinociceptive effect of acupuncture. Perspective This article presents a novel mechanism of acupuncture analgesia, contributing to the understanding of its scientific basis. 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Adição da parede celular de levedura (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) na dieta para frangos de corte

Os efeitos da parede celular de Saccharomyces cerevisiae (PCSc) na dieta para frangos foram avaliados com base nos tratamentos: dieta referência com avilamicina (AV); dieta referência (DR); DR com 0,1% de PCSc (PCSc0,1); DR com 0,2% de PCSc (PCSc0,2); DR com 0,3% de PCSc (PCSc0,3). O delineamento foi o de blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições de 10 aves, totalizando 300 frangos, machos. No período de nove a 21 dias de idade, o tratamento PCSc0,3 influenciou negativamente no ganho de peso (631g), e no período de 34 a 39 dias, o tratamento PCSc0,1 proporcionou melhor ganho de peso (461g) em relação ao tratamento com o antimicrobiano. O maior peso vivo ao abate, 2571g, foi obtido no tratamento PCSc0,1. Os pesos absolutos de sobrecoxa e coxa+sobrecoxa foram maiores nos tratamentos PCSc0,1 (290g e 560g) e PCSc0,2 (292g e 561g) e menores no tratamento PCSc0,3 (263g e 515g). Não houve influência na metabolizabilidade da ração e na contagem total de coliformes totais no íleo. Dietas com inclusão de até 0,2% de PCSc resultaram em índices produtivos adequados, podendo ser utilizadas como aditivo em dietas livres de antimicrobiano melhorador de desempenho sem o comprometimento do desempenho, características de carcaça, metabolizabilidade da ração e da contagem total de coliformes totais do íleo

Impaired Bacillus Calmette-guérin Cellular Immune Response In Hiv-exposed, Uninfected Infants

OBJECTIVE:: To evaluate cell-mediated immune response to Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination in uninfected, HIV-1-exposed infants, comparing it with unexposed children. DESIGN:: It is designed as a cross-sectional study. METHODS:: BCG-specific lymphoproliferation and T-cell subsets (CD4, CD8 and TCR γδ) by flow cytometry and interleukin-10, interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentration by ELISA were analyzed in HIV-exposed and unexposed infants. Whole blood lymphocyte immunophenotyping and blood counts were performed in exposed children. Nonparametric tests were used (P < 0.05). RESULTS:: Given the ontogeny of the immune system, exposed infants were separated into three groups according to age: exposed 1 (E1, aged 6.1-8.8 months), E2 (aged 9.1-17.1 months) and E3 (aged 18.1-26.3 months). Unexposed infants (UE group) and E1 were matched for age. Cell proliferation was not different among the three exposed groups, neither for BCG nor for phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated cultures. Furthermore, BCG-stimulated lymphoproliferation was reduced in the E1 group in comparison with the UE group. T-lymphocyte subpopulations also showed differences, with the youngest HIV-exposed groups (E1 and E2) showing a predominant proliferation of CD4 T cells in cultures with BCG, whereas E3 and UE groups had a robust γδ T-cell expansion. There was lower IFN-γ concentration in the samples from E1 group in comparison with all of the other groups. The unexposed infants showed higher TNF-α concentration in cultures with BCG and PHA in comparison with E1 group. CONCLUSION:: BCG-specific T-cell proliferation was reduced in HIV-exposed uninfected infants and IFN-γ concentration was lower in younger exposed infants, showing a delay in immune system maturation of HIV-exposed infants. © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.251720792087Thorne, C., Newell, M.-L., Epidemiology of HIV infection in the newborn (2000) Early Human Development, 58 (1), pp. 1-16. , DOI 10.1016/S0378-3782(00)00049-9, PII S0378378200000499Hawkins, D., Blott, M., Clayden, P., De Ruiter, A., Foster, G., Gilling-Smith, C., Gosrani, B., Taylor, G., Guidelines for the management of HIV infection in pregnant women and the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (2005) HIV Medicine, 6 (SUPPL. 2), pp. 107-148Amaral, E., Assis-Gomes, F., Milanez, H., Cecatti, J.G., Vilela, M.M., Pinto E Silva, J.L., Timely implementation of interventions to reduce vertical HIV transmission: A successful experience in Brazil (2007) Revista Panamericana de Salud 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Caracterização da matéria orgânica do solo em fragmentos de mata atlântica e em plantios abandonados de eucalipto Quality of soil organic matter in fragments of atlantic forest and abandoned eucalyptus plantations

A compreensão da dinâmica da matéria orgânica (MO) nos ecossistemas de Mata Atlântica é necessária para o manejo eficiente e conservação de vegetações nativas. A natureza química das substâncias húmicas (SHs) reflete os processos de gênese e uso do solo e pode ser usada como indicador da qualidade da MO. O objetivo deste estudo foi usar a qualidade da MO como sinalizador do ambiente edáfico em áreas de mata nativa, sobre Gleissolo Háplico Tb distrófico, argissólico e Cambissolo Háplico Tb distrófico, e em plantios abandonados de eucalipto de diferentes idades, sobre Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico latossólico, localizados na Reserva Biológica União, RJ. Para isso, foram avaliadas as distribuições da MO humificada e os ácidos húmicos do solo por meio de métodos químicos e espectroscópicos, em duas profundidades do solo (0-0,10 e 0,10-0,20 m). Os solos da Reserva Biológica apresentaram fertilidade natural muito baixa, condição esta limitante para o processo de humificação. As SHs representaram, portanto, menos de 50 % do carbono prontamente oxidável, indicando que as substâncias não-húmicas compõem a maior parte da MO; portanto, a serrapilheira tem o papel central na nutrição das plantas e microrganismos. A distribuição relativa das frações que compõem a MO humificada não foi alterada pela cobertura vegetal nem pela classe de solo. Os ácidos húmicos apresentaram natureza química semelhante à normalmente encontrada para os ácidos fúlvicos, e tais características foram expressas no baixo conteúdo de C e nos elevados valores das razões H/C e O/C e da acidez, o que levou à formação de material humificado pouco condensado.A espectroscopia de infravermelho indicou o efeito do tipo de solo e da cobertura vegetal sobre a qualidade química dos ácidos húmicos. O material humificado isolado da Mata Atlântica apresentou maior intensidade de fluorescência, sugerindo maior labilidade e capacidade de ceder elétrons para reações químicas do solo.<br>The organic matter dynamics in Atlantic forest ecosystems must be understood to ensure the efficiency of conservation programs. Chemical characteristics of humic substances are important because they reflect the soil genesis processes and soil management, and can be used as indicator of the organic matter quality. The purpose of this study was to test the organic matter quality as a marker of the soil environment in areas of native Atlantic forest developed on a distrophyc Gleysol and a distrophyc Cambisol and in abandoned plantations of eucalyptus of different ages, at the União Biological Reserve, RJ, Brazil. The distribution of the humified fractions of the soil organic matter and humic acids were evaluated by chemical and spectroscopic methods, in two soil layers (0-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m). Soil fertility of the Biological Reserve was very low, representing a limiting factor for the humification process. Humic substances represented less than 50 % of the oxidized carbon, indicating that most of the organic matter consists of non-humic substances. Consequently, forest litterfall plays a central role in the plant/microorganism nutrition. The relative distribution of the humic fraction was not altered by the plant cover or soil class. The chemical nature of the humic acids was similar to fulvic acids. These characteristics were expressed by a low carbon content, high H/C and O/C ratios and high acidity values which resulted in humified material with low chemical evolution. Infrared spectroscopy indicated the effect of the soil class and plant cover on the chemical quality of the humic acids. The fluorescence intensity of humified material isolated from the Atlantic forest area was high, suggesting higher lability and capacity to release electrons for chemical reactions in the soil

Morcegos (Chiroptera) da área urbana de Londrina, Paraná, Brasil Bats (Chiroptera) of the urban area of Londrina, Paraná, Brazil

<abstract language="eng">Study carried out within the urban perimeter of Londrina, which is located in the North of the state of Paraná. The objectives were the identification of urban species of bats and diurnal roosts used by them and the verification of the problems they can cause to the population. The fire brigade, the Autarquia Municipal do Ambiente de Londrina (Municipal Environment Autarchy of Londrina), the Biology Department of the Universidade Estadual de Londrina (State University of Londrina) and local residents helped spot the roosts. The collections were carried out in regular intervals between April 1998 and March 1999. By the end of them, 815 bats of 23 different species had been captured. Among these, 12 were found near or inside human constructions: Noctilio albiventris Desmarest, 1818; Artibeits lituratus (Olfers, 1818); Platyrrhinus lineatus (E. Geoffroy, 1810); Eptesicus brasiliensis Desmarest 1819; Lasiurus bore-alls (Muller 1776); Lasiurus ega (Gervais, 1856); Eumops glaucinus (Wagner, 1843); Molossus rufus (E. Geoffroy, 1805); Molossus molossus (Pallas, 1766); Nyctinomops laticaudatus (E. Geoffroy, 1805); Nyctinomops macrotis (Gray, 1840) e Tadarida brasiliensis (i. Geoffroy, 1824). Roost sites comprised expansion joints, roofs, attics and parks, among others. It can be concluded that bats are treated as undesirable animals by the population due to the lack of knowledge about the subject