Estimating the environmental impact of broiler production process

Orientador: Irenilza de Alencar NääsTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia AgrícolaResumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar os impactos ambientais do ciclo de vida e o custo ambiental do processo de produção de frangos de corte. No primeiro capítulo, o objetivo foi avaliar o impacto ambiental do processo produtivo de frangos de corte usando a abordagem de Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV). O estudo avaliou dados da produção de frango de corte de seis granjas, período de um ano, o total de seis ciclos produtivos por ano. O inventário do ciclo de vida incluiu todos os fluxos de entrada e saída dos subsistemas: produção de ração e criação de frangos, com finalidade de avaliar o impacto ambiental desde o alojamento das aves até o portão da granja. As categorias de impacto: potencial de aquecimento global, depleção de recursos abióticos (recursos minerais e fósseis), depleção da camada de ozônio, eutrofização, acidificação, ecotoxicidade aquática de água doce, ecotoxicidade aquática marinha, ecotoxicidade terrestre, toxicidade humana, oxidação fotoquímica e uso da terra. Os resultados mostraram que as emissões totais de Gases de Efeito Estufa (GEE) provenientes do gerenciamento de dejetos totalizaram 0,154 kg CO2-eq por kg de frango produzido. As contribuições de CH4, N2O direto e N2O indireto para o potencial de aquecimento global foram de 18,9%, 19,3% e 61.8% respectivamente. O resultado do potencial de aquecimento global total para o processo de produtivo de frangos de corte foi de 2,70 kg de CO2-eq por kg de frango vivo produzido no portão da granja. A fase de produção das aves apresentou maior contribuição no aquecimento global com 1,95 kg CO2-eq por kg de frango vivo produzido. A depleção de recursos abióticos (recursos minerais 5,1 E-8 kg e recursos fósseis 0,143 MJ) apresentaram valores maiores para a fase de produção de ração. No segundo capítulo, o objetivo foi estimar o custo ambiental do processo produtivo de frangos de corte usando a abordagem da contabilidade emergética. O processo produtivo de frangos de corte de uma granja padrão foi avaliado. Um diagrama sistêmico foi elaborado para identificar todos os componentes e fluxos de energia. Uma tabela que contém os valores dos fluxos de materiais e energia foi construída. Os índices emergéticos foram calculados a partir dos resultados encontrados na avaliação dos fluxos de emergia. A emergia total que suporta o sistema foi 7,00 E+05 sej/ha/ano. A contribuição mais importante no fluxo emergético do sistema provém dos materiais da economia com total de 6,60 E+05 sej/ha/ano, incluindo a ração com 4,60 E+05 sej/ha/ano, os pintos de um dia 1,48 E+05 sej/ha/ano e a energia elétrica 2,07 E+04 sej/ha/ano. O fluxo de emergia agregado do processo produtivo foi 69.693,84 sej/ha/ano. O índice de renovabilidade mostrou baixa sustentabilidade do sistema, a razão de rendimento emergético indicou que a quantidade de emergia da natureza incorporada na produção de frangos é baixa quando comparada com a emergia total usada, a razão de investimento emergético indicou um alto investimento para produzir frangos no sistema convencional, e a razão de carga ambiental indicou alta degradação ambientalAbstract: The objective of this study was to estimate the environmental impacts of the life cycle and the environmental cost of the process of production of broilers. In the first chapter, the objective was to evaluate the environmental impact of the productive process of broiler chickens using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach. The study evaluated data from the production of broiler from six farms, period of one year, the total of six productive cycles per year. The life cycle inventory included all inflows and outflows of the subsystems: feed production and broiler rearing to assess the environmental impact from broiler housing to farm gate. Impact categories: global warming potential, depletion of abiotic resources (mineral and fossil resources), ozone depletion, eutrophication, acidification, freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity, marine aquatic ecotoxicity, terrestrial ecotoxicity, human toxicity, photochemical oxidation and land use. The results showed that total greenhouse gas emissions from waste management totaled 0.154 kg CO2-eq per kg of broiler produced. The contributions of CH4, direct N2O and indirect N2O to the global warming potential were 18.9%, 19.3% and 61.8% respectively. The total global warming potential for the broilers production process was 2.70 kg CO2-eq per kg of live broiler produced at the farm gate. The production phase of the poultry presented greater contribution in global warming with 1.95 kg CO2-eq per kg of live chicken produced. The depletion of abiotic resources (mineral resources 5.1 E-8 kg and fossil resources 0.143 MJ) presented higher values for the stage of production of feed. In the second chapter, the objective was to estimate the environmental cost of the productive process of broilers using the approach of the emergy accounting. The productive process of broilers from a standard farm was evaluated. A systemic diagram was designed to identify all components and energy flows. A table containing the values of the material and energy flows was constructed. The emergy indices were calculated from the results found in the evaluation of the emergy flows. The total emergy that supports the system was 7.00 E+05 sej/ha/year. The most important contribution in the emergy flow of the system comes from the economy materials with a total of 6.60 E+05 sej/ha/year, including the feed with 4.60 E+05 sej/ha/year, day-old chicks 1.48 E+05 sej/ha/year and the electric energy 2.07 E+04 sej/ha/year. The aggregate emergy flow of the productive process was 69,693.84 sej/ha/year. The renewability index showed low sustainability of the system, the rate of emergy indicated that the amount of emergy of the nature incorporated in broiler production is low when compared to the total emergy used, the rate of emergy investment indicated a high investment to produce broilers in the conventional system, and the environmental load ratio indicated high environmental degradationDoutoradoConstruções Rurais e AmbienciaDoutora em Engenharia Agrícol

Classifying the Level of Energy-Environmental Efficiency Rating of Brazilian Ethanol

The present study aimed to assess and classify energy-environmental efficiency levels to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the production, commercialization, and use of biofuels certified by the Brazilian National Biofuel Policy (RenovaBio). The parameters of the level of energy-environmental efficiency were standardized and categorized according to the Energy-Environmental Efficiency Rating (E-EER). The rating scale varied between lower efficiency (D) and high efficiency + (highest efficiency A+). The classification method with the J48 decision tree and naive Bayes algorithms was used to predict the models. The classification of the E-EER scores using a decision tree using the J48 algorithm and Bayesian classifiers using the naive Bayes algorithm produced decision tree models efficient at estimating the efficiency level of Brazilian ethanol producers and importers certified by the RenovaBio. The rules generated by the models can assess the level classes (efficiency scores) according to the scale discretized into high efficiency (Classification A), average efficiency (Classification B), and standard efficiency (Classification C). These results might generate an ethanol energy-environmental efficiency label for the end consumers and resellers of the product, to assist in making a purchase decision concerning its performance. The best classification model was naive Bayes, compared to the J48 decision tree. The classification of the Energy Efficiency Note levels using the naive Bayes algorithm produced a model capable of estimating the efficiency level of Brazilian ethanol to create labels

IDADE DA MATRIZ E SUPLEMENTAÇÃO VITAMÍNICA SOBRE O DESEMPENHO DE FRANGOS DE CORTE / AGE OF BREEDER AND VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE BROILERS’ PERFORMANCE

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da suplementação vitamínica na primeira semana de vida sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte provenientes de matrizes de diferentes idades. Foram alojados 2.592 pintos de um dia da linhagem Cobb®, em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, distribuídos em arranjo fatorial 2x3, sendo duas idades de matrizes (29 e 44 semanas) e três níveis de inclusão de vitaminas (sem vitaminas, nível recomendado pelo fabricante e 50% superior ao do fabricante) com oito repetições por tratamento. A análise dos dados foram realizadas utilizando PROC GLM do SAS e comparadas por Teste de Tukey a 95% de probabilidade. A suplementação vitamínica não influenciou o desempenho das aves na primeira semana e nem aos 42 dias de idade. Houve influência da idade da matriz no ganho de peso médio, o peso médio final e o consumo de ração médio, na primeira semana de vida das aves. A utilização do complexo vitamínico pode ser recomendada em caso de limitações, como deficiência nutricional da matriz, aspectos e sanitários que podem afetar o desempenho das aves.</p

Hybrid Metaheuristic Algorithm for Optimizing Monogastric Growth Curve (Pigs and Broilers)

Brazil is one of the world&rsquo;s biggest monogastric producers and exporters (of pig and broiler meat). Farmers need to improve their production planning through the reliability of animal growth forecasts. Predicting pig and broiler growth is optimizing production planning, minimizing the use of resources, and forecasting meat production. The present study aims to apply a hybrid metaheuristic algorithm (SAGAC) to find the best combination of values for the growth curve model parameters for monogastric farm animals (pigs and broilers). We propose a hybrid method to optimize the growth curve model parameters by combining two metaheuristic algorithms Simulated Annealing (SA) and Genetic Algorithm (GA), with the inclusion of a function to promote the acceleration of the convergence (GA + AC) of the results. The idea was to improve the coefficient of determination of these models to achieve better production planning and minimized costs. Two datasets with age (day) and average weight (kg) were obtained. We tested three growth curves: Gompertz, Logistic, and von Bertalanffy. After 300 performed assays, experimental data were tabulated and organized, and a descriptive analysis was completed. Results showed that the SAGAC algorithm provided better results than previous estimations, thus improving the predictive data on pig and broiler production consistency. Using SAGAC to optimize the growth parameter models for pigs and broilers led to optimizing the results with the nondeterministic polynomial time (NP-hardness) of the studied functions. All tuning of the growth curves using the proposed SAGAC method for broilers presented R2 above 99%, and the SAGAC for pigs showed R2 above 94% for the growth curve

Classifier’s Performance for Detecting the Pecking Pattern of Broilers during Feeding

Broiler feeding is an efficient way of evaluating growth performance, health, and welfare status. This assessment might include the number of meals, meal period, ingestion rate, meal intervals, and the proportion of time spent eating. These parameters can be predicted by studying the birds’ pecking activity. The present study aims to design, examine, and validate classifying algorithms to determine individual bird pecking patterns at the feeder. Broilers were reared from 1 to 42 days, with feed and water provided ad libitum. A feeder equipped with a force sensor was installed and used by the birds starting at 35 days of age, to acquire the pecking force data during feeding until 42 days. The obtained data were organized into two datasets. The first comprises 17 attributes, with the supervised attribute ‘pecking detection’ with two classes, and with ‘non-pecking’ and ‘pecking’ used to analyze the classifiers. In the second dataset, the attribute ‘maximum value’ was discretized in three classes to compose a new supervised attribute of the second dataset comprising the classes’ non-pecking, light pecking, medium, and strong. We developed and validated the classifying models to determine individual broiler pecking patterns at the feeder. The classifiers (KNN, SVM, and ANN) achieved high accuracy, greater than 97%, and similar results in all investigated scenarios, proving capable of performing the task of detecting pecking

Classifier&rsquo;s Performance for Detecting the Pecking Pattern of Broilers during Feeding

Broiler feeding is an efficient way of evaluating growth performance, health, and welfare status. This assessment might include the number of meals, meal period, ingestion rate, meal intervals, and the proportion of time spent eating. These parameters can be predicted by studying the birds&rsquo; pecking activity. The present study aims to design, examine, and validate classifying algorithms to determine individual bird pecking patterns at the feeder. Broilers were reared from 1 to 42 days, with feed and water provided ad libitum. A feeder equipped with a force sensor was installed and used by the birds starting at 35 days of age, to acquire the pecking force data during feeding until 42 days. The obtained data were organized into two datasets. The first comprises 17 attributes, with the supervised attribute &lsquo;pecking detection&rsquo; with two classes, and with &lsquo;non-pecking&rsquo; and &lsquo;pecking&rsquo; used to analyze the classifiers. In the second dataset, the attribute &lsquo;maximum value&rsquo; was discretized in three classes to compose a new supervised attribute of the second dataset comprising the classes&rsquo; non-pecking, light pecking, medium, and strong. We developed and validated the classifying models to determine individual broiler pecking patterns at the feeder. The classifiers (KNN, SVM, and ANN) achieved high accuracy, greater than 97%, and similar results in all investigated scenarios, proving capable of performing the task of detecting pecking

Hybrid Metaheuristic Algorithm for Optimizing Monogastric Growth Curve (Pigs and Broilers)

Brazil is one of the world’s biggest monogastric producers and exporters (of pig and broiler meat). Farmers need to improve their production planning through the reliability of animal growth forecasts. Predicting pig and broiler growth is optimizing production planning, minimizing the use of resources, and forecasting meat production. The present study aims to apply a hybrid metaheuristic algorithm (SAGAC) to find the best combination of values for the growth curve model parameters for monogastric farm animals (pigs and broilers). We propose a hybrid method to optimize the growth curve model parameters by combining two metaheuristic algorithms Simulated Annealing (SA) and Genetic Algorithm (GA), with the inclusion of a function to promote the acceleration of the convergence (GA + AC) of the results. The idea was to improve the coefficient of determination of these models to achieve better production planning and minimized costs. Two datasets with age (day) and average weight (kg) were obtained. We tested three growth curves: Gompertz, Logistic, and von Bertalanffy. After 300 performed assays, experimental data were tabulated and organized, and a descriptive analysis was completed. Results showed that the SAGAC algorithm provided better results than previous estimations, thus improving the predictive data on pig and broiler production consistency. Using SAGAC to optimize the growth parameter models for pigs and broilers led to optimizing the results with the nondeterministic polynomial time (NP-hardness) of the studied functions. All tuning of the growth curves using the proposed SAGAC method for broilers presented R2 above 99%, and the SAGAC for pigs showed R2 above 94% for the growth curve

Environmental impact of Brazilian broiler production process : evaluation using life cycle assessment

The environmental management of the broiler production chain should include assessments that more accurately detail the processes that occur on the farm related to the broiler life cycle. The present study meant to evaluate the environmental impact of the production process of broiler using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach. The life cycle inventory included all inflows and outflows of the subsystems: feed-ration production and broiler grow-out, with system boundary from the housing of the chick from one-day to the live broiler produced in the farm gate, and the functional unit of the “1-kg live weight.” The impacts categories evaluated were: Global Warming Potential in hundred years (GWP), depletion of abiotic resources (mineral elements and fossil fuels), depletion of the ozone layer, eutrophication, acidification, freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity, marine aquatic ecotoxicity, terrestrial ecotoxicity, human toxicity, photochemical oxidation, and land use. The results showed that total emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) (CH4, and N2O) from the management of manure in broiler farms totaled 0.154 kg CO2-eq per kg of live weight produced. The total GWP for the broiler production process was 2.70 kg CO2-eq per kg of live weight produced. The depletion of abiotic resources (mineral elements) and depletion of abiotic resources - fossil fuels presented higher values for the feed-ration production phase. The marine aquatic ecotoxicity category and the GWP are the most impacting categories. The broiler grow-out mainly influences these categories during the production process. Results showed that broiler rearing is the sub-system within meat production that gives the highest environmental impact. However, considering the characteristics of the studied system, the level of technology applied, and the local availability of grains used in the feed ration reduces the use of energy in the transport and processing of the feed. The present study indicates the best strategies to improve the environmental performance of broiler meat production237COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESNão te

ANÁLISE ECONÔMICA DE DIFERENTES SISTEMAS DE ILUMINAÇÃO EM AVIÁRIOS DARK HOUSE

The present study aimed at evaluating different lighting systems (Fluorescent lamps - FLUO and LED light bulbs) in a commercial broiler house, Dark house. The economic analysis of the Net Present Value (NPV) was used in the benefits of the generated cash flows, and in the Payback period. The economic evaluation of the two lighting systems was carried out using the specifications of the different types of lamps, and the energy consumption was recorded in three commercial broiler farms. The cash flow was evaluated comparing the information of the fluorescent lamp (FLUO) and light emitting diode (LED) systems. The replacement of fluorescent lamps by LED lamps can generate considerable savings of electricity during the production cycle of the broilers, besides presenting suitable conditions for the rearing environment inside the houses. However, with the current cost of LED bulbs, the system has proven to be unsuitable within the lamp life cycle

Morfologia do tecido ósseo de tíbias de frangos de corte submetidos à dieta com 25 hidrocolecalciferol

The success of the poultry industry is due in part to nutrition, and in recent decades, the average daily weight gain increased and due to this the incidence of leg weakness. The use of vitamin D has been widely studied in poultry in an attempt to reduce the damage caused by locomotor problems. Understanding the numerous nutritional factors involved in bone development, such as deficiencies of vitamins and minerals, are of paramount importance in the occurrence of skeletal disorders. Vitamin D3 in poultry has been widely used to decrease the incidence of certain metabolic disorders of the fast-growing birds, among them the tibial dyschondroplasia. Recent research has indicated requirements of vitamin D3 for increasing growth, increasing the ash content of bone, the amount of calcium in the blood, and preventing rickets. Thus, this work was to evaluate morphological and histological bone of broilers and the development of tibial dyschondroplasia, supplemented with vitamin D. We used 468 male chicks a day, three commercial strains reared in cages. Distributed in a completely randomized, allocated in a factorial 3x3 (three strains: Ross, Cobb and Hybro, three inclusion levels of vitamin D3 in the diet: 1250UI D3/kg without 25 - (OH) D3; 1250UI D3/kg with 69mg 25 - (OH) D3/te 3000IU D3/kg with 69mg 25 - (OH) D3 / t). The morphological and histological analysis showed that the treatment did not affect the development of tibial discrondroplasia, since the birds did not have this disorder. It was concluded that, even being raised in battery cages, bones bones of broilers were within normal limits, regardless of the levels of vitamin D3 in the diet and the strains studied.O sucesso da avicultura de corte deve-se em parte a nutrição, sendo que nas últimas décadas, o ganho de peso médio diário aumentou e decorrente a isso aumentou também a incidência de problemas locomotores. A utilização de vitamina D tem sido amplamente estudada na avicultura, na tentativa de diminuir os prejuízos causados por problemas locomotores. A compreensão dos inúmeros fatores nutricionais envolvidos no desenvolvimento ósseo, como deficiências de vitaminas e minerais são de suma importância na ocorrência de desordens esqueléticas. A vitamina D3 na avicultura tem sido amplamente utilizada na diminuição da incidência de algumas desordens metabólicas das aves de rápido crescimento, dentre elas a discondroplasia tibial. Recentes pesquisas têm apontado exigências de vitamina D3 para favorecer o crescimento, aumentar o conteúdo de cinzas dos ossos, a quantidade de cálcio no sangue, e prevenir o raquitismo. Dessa forma, este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar aspectos morfológicos e histológicos de ossos de frangos de corte e o desenvolvimento de discondroplasia tibial, suplementados com vitamina D. Foram utilizados 468 pintos machos de um dia, de três linhagens comerciais, criados em baterias metálicas. Distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, alocados em esquema fatorial 3x3 (três linhagens: Ross, Cobb e Hybro; três níveis de inclusão de vitamina D3 na dieta: 1250UI D3/kg sem 25-(OH)D3; 1250UI D3/kg com 69mg 25-(OH)D3/t e 3000UI D3/kg com 69mg 25-(OH)D3/t). As análises morfológicas e histológicas demonstraram que os tratamentos não influenciaram o desenvolvimento de discondroplasia tibial, já que as aves não apresentaram este distúrbio. Concluiu-se que, mesmo sendo criados em baterias metálicas, os ossos de frangos de corte, apresentaram-se dentro dos padrões de normalidade, independentemente dos níveis de vitamina D3 na dieta e das linhagens estudadas.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq