Enzymatic Hydrolysis Of Soy Okara And Fermentation Using Lactobacillus Sp. To Improve Its Nutritional And Functional Benefits As Functional Food Ingredient

Okara is a major industrial-waste, generated as a by-product from the soymilk manufacturer. Since okara has a high nutritional value, reusing it as a substrate for fermentation is an economical and environmentally friendly option. Lactic acid bacteria fermentation is being used to improve the aromatic fraction, by reducing hexanal, which is responsible for off-flavour and increase ketones with fruity and buttery notes in fermented food. The first stage of this study was aimed to optimize the pre-treatment of soy okara on the extraction of reducing sugars by applying a multi-enzyme complex, Viscozyme

Singapore as an international insurance and reinsurance centre in the 1990s

The study was an endeavour to explore the possibility of singapore becoming an international insurance and reinsurance centre in the 1990s. The primary motivation for doing an in-depth study on this area was the dearth of literature in this field of study. Materials for this project came from literature research, twelve interviews and three discussion sessions with leading insurance and reinsurance practitioners and representatives from the Insurance Commissioner's Department. From gathered opinions and research information, the definition of an international insurance and reinsurance centre was derived. It should be an important market with a significant number of international insurance and reinsurance companies writing substantial domestic and international business. They should have the capacity, management knowledge and technical expertise to provide diverse types of cover and a wide range of services. Of the 9 criteria required of such a centre, 5 important criteria were evaluated in depth. In addition, suggested measures which would propel Singapore into the international league were assessed carefully. International economic issues and future trends and developments which would attract Singapore's development were also looked into.BUSINES

Impact of information technology on underwriting of direct insurers in Singapore.

This project identifies the impact of IT on underwriting of General Insurer in Singapore in terms of the job scope of underwriter, efficiency, effectivenes, behaviour and level of security risk. Besides, constraining factors of implementing the information technology in underwriting of Singapore has been discussed in the project

Assessing the usefulness of applied research project for business graduates

136 p.The business environment had been undergoing turbulent changes and development. This underpinned the need for organisations to take on changing roles and the need for managers to cope with increasingly complex duties. From the literature review, criticisms by various academics highlighted the skill deficiencies in management education. As a result, there was a need for business schools to teach relevant skills. A portfolio of nine skills necessary for entry-level jobs were identified based on the taxanomies of skills proposed by various authorsACCOUNTANC

Mass rapid transit : an efficiency study

This project studies the efficiency of the Singapore MRT system In particular, three areas are discussed: (1) the speed of the trains, (2) the locations of the stations, and (3) the linkage with the railway system.BUSINES

G-Quadruplexes as An Alternative Recognition Element in Disease-Related Target Sensing

G-quadruplexes are made up of guanine-rich RNA and DNA sequences capable of forming noncanonical nucleic acid secondary structures. The base-specific sterical configuration of G-quadruplexes allows the stacked G-tetrads to bind certain planar molecules like hemin (iron (III)-protoporphyrin IX) to regulate enzymatic-like functions such as peroxidase-mimicking activity, hence the use of the term DNAzyme/RNAzyme. This ability has been widely touted as a suitable substitute to conventional enzymatic reporter systems in diagnostics. This review will provide a brief overview of the G-quadruplex architecture as well as the many forms of reporter systems ranging from absorbance to luminescence readouts in various platforms. Furthermore, some challenges and improvements that have been introduced to improve the application of G-quadruplex in diagnostics will be highlighted. As the field of diagnostics has evolved to apply different detection systems, the need for alternative reporter systems such as G-quadruplexes is also paramount

Pre-treatment of soy okara using multi-enzyme complex on sugar extraction and its effect on chemical composition, morphological structure, and antioxidant capacity

Purpose Okara is a highly perishable food processing by-product from soymilk and tofu manufacture. The present study aimed to optimize the pre-treatment of okara on the extraction of reducing sugars by applying a multi-enzyme complex, Viscozyme, containing a variety of carbohydrases to hydrolyze the okara cell walls. The chemical composition and the morphological structure of enzymatic-treated okara (ETO) were scrutinized. Methods Enzymatic hydrolysis pre-treatment was carried out under different enzyme concentrations (5–8%), temperatures (50–60 °C) and pH values (3–4) according to a central composite rotatable design, in which the ranges were chosen based on preliminary study. Results The optimal conditions for maximum reducing sugars extraction (4.78 mg/mL) were 8.0% (w/w) of enzyme, 50 °C and pH 3.0 for 4 h hydrolysis time, representing a 158.33 times increment, compared to the sample without enzymatic pre-treatment. The chromatogram from high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed that the carbohydrates such as glucose, fructose, raffinose and stachyose increased after hydrolysis. Surprisingly, arabinose which was not detected in raw okara (RO) was present in ETO. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the highly structured matrix of okara was unfolded and broken by the action of enzyme pre-treatment while energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) imparted the changes of elemental components in ETO. The ETO showed higher antioxidant capacity than the control by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP tests. Conclusion Enzymatic hydrolysis proved to be an efficient way to enhance the physicochemical properties of okara for possible uses, making this residue into a newly added value product

Supplemental_material_for_DNA_Switch_Toehold_Mediated_DNA_Isothermal_Amplification_for_Dengue_Serotyping_by_Chan,_et_al – Supplemental material for DNA Switch: Toehold-Mediated DNA Isothermal Amplification for Dengue Serotyping

<p>Supplemental material, Supplemental_material_for_DNA_Switch_Toehold_Mediated_DNA_Isothermal_Amplification_for_Dengue_Serotyping_by_Chan,_et_al for DNA Switch: Toehold-Mediated DNA Isothermal Amplification for Dengue Serotyping by Soo Khim Chan, Akinori Kuzuya, Yee Siew Choong and Theam Soon Lim in SLAS Discovery</p