A Theory of Exchange Rates and the Term Structure of Interest Rates

The purpose of this paper is to construct a model of exchange rate determination that is consistent with the stylized facts regarding the uncovered interest parity for short term and long term interest rates. This task is especially challenging because of the forward premium anomaly found for short term interest rates and forward exchange rates. With an assumption that investors have a short investment horizon, the model is consistent with these stylized facts even when the degree of risk aversion is low. The model predicts a complicated relationship between exchange rates and the term structure of the interest rates.forward premium anomaly, uncovered interest parity for long term bonds

Flocculation kinetics using Fe(III) coagulant in water treatment: the effects of sulfate and temperature

This research focuses on the use of ferric nitrate as a coagulant to study flocculation kinetics including the fundamental mechanisms of orthokinetic flocculation, the impact of low water temperature, and the effect of sulfate ion. The kinetics of flocculation was studied for systems of kaolin dispersions destabilized by ferric nitrate coagulant in an 18 liter batch reactor under tightly controlled treatment conditions. Detailed measurement of the flocculation kinetics was done by assessing the rate of changes in total particle number concentration with an Automatic Image Analysis (AIA) system and by measuring the degree of turbidity fluctuation in a flowing suspension by a Photometric Dispersion Analysis (PDA) instrument;The overall objective of this research was (1) to investigate the kinetics of flocculating kaolin clay in water suspension under a number of treatment conditions, (2) to assess the effect of temperature on flocculation kinetics, spanning the full range of coagulation domains including the A/D and sweep floc mechanisms of coagulation, and (3) to investigate the role of sulfate ion in flocculation kinetics at two different temperatures;The conclusions of the flocculation kinetics studies using the 18 liter batch reactor are as follows: (1) Both the particle size distribution data obtained from the AIA and the on-line measurement of turbidity fluctuation by the PDA provided reliable and sensitive indications of flocculation kinetics. The AIA at high magnification gave the best indication of the primary particle disappearance, whereas, the PDA ratio values gave the best indication of the larger floc formation. (2) Sulfate ion added to the kaolin suspension played an important role in the flocculation process, not only in improving flocculation kinetics at more acidic pH levels at warm and cold water temperatures, but also in changing the surface charge of the particles. (3) Low water temperature had the pronounced effect on flocculation kinetics, slowing the rate of flocculation and enhancing the charge neutralizing ability of Fe(III) coagulant. The detrimental effect on the rate of flocculation was especially evident in the formation of larger aggregates as revealed by the PDA analysis. (4) The use of constant pOH at 5∘C and/or added sulfate ion was found to be partially effective for reducing the impact of low temperature on flocculation kinetics, but only in the acidic pH range studied (pH 6.0 to 6.8), but even under optimal adjustment of these provisions, the flocculation kinetics did not match the room temperature kinetics

Design, Analysis, and Experimental Results of Micromachined Single-structure Triaxis Vibratory Gyroscope with Advanced Coupling Mechanism

In this work, a novel micromachined monolithic triaxis gyroscope with an advanced anchor mechanism is designed and its structural characteristics are analyzed. Micromachined gyroscopes are usually packed in small packages, causing a high squeeze film damping effect that reduces the quality factor of out-of-plane vibration, resulting in lowered out-of-plane sensitivity. The proposed gyroscope has a four-mass single structure wherein the opposing masses vibrate in the opposite direction perpendicular to the direction they face, with the help of 'tree-shaped' coupling springs. The simulated driving and x-, y-, and z-axis sensing resonant frequencies are 19946, 20227, 20294, and 20361 Hz, respectively. Also, the prototype of the gyroscope was fabricated and tested. It showed a driving Q-factor of 106 and a scale factor of 7 mV/deg/s.11Ysciescopu

System Modeling of a MEMS Vibratory Gyroscope and Integration to Circuit Simulation

Recently, consumer applications have dramatically created the demand for low-cost and compact gyroscopes. Therefore, on the basis of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology, many gyroscopes have been developed and successfully commercialized. A MEMS gyroscope consists of a MEMS device and an electrical circuit for self-oscillation and angular-rate detection. Since the MEMS device and circuit are interactively related, the entire system should be analyzed together to design or test the gyroscope. In this study, a MEMS vibratory gyroscope is analyzed based on the system dynamic modeling; thus, it can be mathematically expressed and integrated into a circuit simulator. A behavioral simulation of the entire system was conducted to prove the self-oscillation and angular-rate detection and to determine the circuit parameters to be optimized. From the simulation, the operating characteristic according to the vacuum pressure and scale factor was obtained, which indicated similar trends compared with those of the experimental results. The simulation method presented in this paper can be generalized to a wide range of MEMS devices111Ysciescopu

Progressive Processing of Continuous Range Queries in Hierarchical Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper, we study the problem of processing continuous range queries in a hierarchical wireless sensor network. Contrasted with the traditional approach of building networks in a "flat" structure using sensor devices of the same capability, the hierarchical approach deploys devices of higher capability in a higher tier, i.e., a tier closer to the server. While query processing in flat sensor networks has been widely studied, the study on query processing in hierarchical sensor networks has been inadequate. In wireless sensor networks, the main costs that should be considered are the energy for sending data and the storage for storing queries. There is a trade-off between these two costs. Based on this, we first propose a progressive processing method that effectively processes a large number of continuous range queries in hierarchical sensor networks. The proposed method uses the query merging technique proposed by Xiang et al. as the basis and additionally considers the trade-off between the two costs. More specifically, it works toward reducing the storage cost at lower-tier nodes by merging more queries, and toward reducing the energy cost at higher-tier nodes by merging fewer queries (thereby reducing "false alarms"). We then present how to build a hierarchical sensor network that is optimal with respect to the weighted sum of the two costs. It allows for a cost-based systematic control of the trade-off based on the relative importance between the storage and energy in a given network environment and application. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves a near-optimal control between the storage and energy and reduces the cost by 0.989~84.995 times compared with the cost achieved using the flat (i.e., non-hierarchical) setup as in the work by Xiang et al.Comment: 41 pages, 20 figure

Aluminum Potassium Sulfate and Tannic Acid Injection for Hemorrhoids

A quick hemostatic effect, as well as sclerosing and shrinkage of hemorrhoids, can be attained when internal hemorrhoids are treated by using injection therapy with aluminum potassium sulfate and tannic acid (ALTA), the outcomes of treatment may be similar to those of a hemorrhoidectomy. However, if the type of hemorrhoid or the method of injection is not appropriate for ALTA treatment, complications peculiar to ALTA or recurrence may develop. Accordingly, sufficient understanding of the treatment mechanism of ALTA injection and repeated training for injection are required for effective use of the ALTA treatment

Vertically aligned InGaN nanowires with engineered axial In composition for highly efficient visible light emission.

We report on the fabrication of novel InGaN nanowires (NWs) with improved crystalline quality and high radiative efficiency for applications as nanoscale visible light emitters. Pristine InGaN NWs grown under a uniform In/Ga molar flow ratio (UIF) exhibited multi-peak white-like emission and a high density of dislocation-like defects. A phase separation and broad emission with non-uniform luminescent clusters were also observed for a single UIF NW investigated by spatially resolved cathodoluminescence. Hence, we proposed a simple approach based on engineering the axial In content by increasing the In/Ga molar flow ratio at the end of NW growth. This new approach yielded samples with a high luminescence intensity, a narrow emission spectrum, and enhanced crystalline quality. Using time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy, the UIF NWs exhibited a long radiative recombination time (τr) and low internal quantum efficiency (IQE) due to strong exciton localization and carrier trapping in defect states. In contrast, NWs with engineered In content demonstrated three times higher IQE and a much shorter τr due to mitigated In fluctuation and improved crystal quality

Minimax particle filtering for tracking a highly maneuvering target

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/152473/1/rnc4785_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/152473/2/rnc4785.pd