Main features of proper nutrition

Kroz povijest mijenjale su se čovjekove prehrambene navike, ali uvjet zdravog života i ravnoteže ljudskog organizma oduvijek je kvalitetan izbor i unos namirnica kroz sva životna razdoblja (novorođenče, djetinjstvo i adolescencija, srednja te treća životna dob). Kvalitetnim izborom smatramo namirnice koje sadržavaju optimalnu vrijednost hranjivih tvari koje nazivamo nutrijentima, a dijelimo ih na makronutrijente (ugljikohidrati, bjelančevine, mast i voda) i mikronutrijente (vitamini i minerali). Uravnoteženost, raznolikost i umjerenost u prehrani te poznavanje piramide pravilne prehrane temeljne su odrednice adekvatnog pristupa pravilnoj prehrani. U današnje su vrijeme sveprisutni problem alergije i introlerancije na hranu koje se očitavaju promjenama u organizmu nakon unosa određenih vrsta namirnica. Također, sve češći problem predstavljaju problemi poremećaja u prehrani – pretilost, anoreksija i bulimija. Bitan segment vođenja zdravog života jest tjelesna aktivnost koja pozitivno utječe na psihofizičko stanje te njome trošimo energiju stvorenu unosom kalorija u organizam.Man's nutritional habits changed throughout the history but the key of leading a healthy life and maintaining the balance of human organism had always been the proper choice and intake of food throughout our lifetime (infancy, childhood and adolescence, midlife and mature adulthood). Food that contain the optimal amount of nutrients is considered proper food choice, which can be divided in macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and water) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals). Balance, variety and moderation in nutrition along with understanding the food pyramid are fundamental for an adequate approach to proper nutrition. Nowadays, food allergies and intolerances that cause changes in organism are omnipresent. Moreover, the problem of eating disorders such as obesity, anorexia and bulimia is becoming more widespread. Physical activity is an important part in leading a healthy life since it's positively influencing our psychophysical condition and it consumes energy gained through calorie intake

Main features of proper nutrition

Kroz povijest mijenjale su se čovjekove prehrambene navike, ali uvjet zdravog života i ravnoteže ljudskog organizma oduvijek je kvalitetan izbor i unos namirnica kroz sva životna razdoblja (novorođenče, djetinjstvo i adolescencija, srednja te treća životna dob). Kvalitetnim izborom smatramo namirnice koje sadržavaju optimalnu vrijednost hranjivih tvari koje nazivamo nutrijentima, a dijelimo ih na makronutrijente (ugljikohidrati, bjelančevine, mast i voda) i mikronutrijente (vitamini i minerali). Uravnoteženost, raznolikost i umjerenost u prehrani te poznavanje piramide pravilne prehrane temeljne su odrednice adekvatnog pristupa pravilnoj prehrani. U današnje su vrijeme sveprisutni problem alergije i introlerancije na hranu koje se očitavaju promjenama u organizmu nakon unosa određenih vrsta namirnica. Također, sve češći problem predstavljaju problemi poremećaja u prehrani – pretilost, anoreksija i bulimija. Bitan segment vođenja zdravog života jest tjelesna aktivnost koja pozitivno utječe na psihofizičko stanje te njome trošimo energiju stvorenu unosom kalorija u organizam.Man's nutritional habits changed throughout the history but the key of leading a healthy life and maintaining the balance of human organism had always been the proper choice and intake of food throughout our lifetime (infancy, childhood and adolescence, midlife and mature adulthood). Food that contain the optimal amount of nutrients is considered proper food choice, which can be divided in macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and water) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals). Balance, variety and moderation in nutrition along with understanding the food pyramid are fundamental for an adequate approach to proper nutrition. Nowadays, food allergies and intolerances that cause changes in organism are omnipresent. Moreover, the problem of eating disorders such as obesity, anorexia and bulimia is becoming more widespread. Physical activity is an important part in leading a healthy life since it's positively influencing our psychophysical condition and it consumes energy gained through calorie intake

Formación de embriones somáticos en Persea americana Mill var. Catalina a partir de embriones cigóticos inmaduros

The establishment of embryogenic culture of avocado have been achieved in different genotypes, usually the immature zygotic embryos are the initial explants and the process has been described in several variety. In the present paper the induction of the somatic embryogenesis in avocado (Catalina variety) from zygotic embryos is proposed. Zygotic embryos taken from unripe fruits were used as explants . The fruits were divided into five groups according to their size. The embryos were cultured in a medium containing 4-amino-3,5,6 trichlorpicolinic acid (Picloram) in concentrations of 0.1, 0.4, and 0.6 uM. The culture medium used for the induction of the somatic embryogenesis consisted of: Macro B5, Micro MS, thiamine (0.8 mg.l-1), myo-inositol (100 mg.l-1), sucrose (30g.l-1) and pH 5.7. The number of zygotic embryos with opened cotyledonal leaves was evaluated starting from the third day of culture. It was also evaluated the number of fenolized zygotic embryos at the third week of culture and the presence of somatic embryos five weeks after the culture initiation. The formation of somatic embryos was achieved in all the treatments. The highest number of explants that formed somatic embryos was achieved when a concentration of 0.6 uM of Picloram was used and the second group of size (0.71 x 0.65 mm) observing significant differences between the different groups of fruit size.Keywords: avocado, cotyledonal leafs, somatic embryo,El establecimiento de cultivos embriogénicos de aguacate se ha logrado en diferentes genotipos, los embriones cigóticos inmaduros son los explantes iniciales más empleados y se ha descrito el proceso en varios cultivares de interés económico. El presente trabajo aborda la inducción y formación de embriones somáticos en el aguacatero cv. Catalina, al utilizar como explantes iniciales embriones cigóticos inmaduros. Los frutos inmaduros fueron agrupados en cinco rangos de tamaño para la extracción de los embriones cigóticos. Estos posteriormente se sembraron en medios de cultivo que contenían 4-amino-3,5,6- ácido tricloropicolínico (Picloram) en concentraciones de 0.1, 0.4 y 0.6 µM. El medio de cultivo utilizado para la inducción de la embriogénesis somática, consistió en Macro B5, Micro MS, tiamina (0.8 mg.l-1), mio-inositol (100 mg.l-1), sacarosa (30 g. l-1) y pH 5.7. Se evaluó el número de embriones cigóticos con hojas cotiledonares abiertas a partir del tercer día de cultivo, el número de embriones fenolizados a la tercera semana de cultivo y la presencia de embriones somáticos, a las cinco semanas de cultivo. Se logró la formación de embriones somáticos en todos los tratamientos estudiados. El mayor número de explantes que formaron embriones somáticos se obtuvo cuando se utilizó la concentración de 0.6 øM de Picloram, con un rango de tamaño del fruto inmaduro de 0.71 x 0.65 mm (rango 2). Se apreciaron diferencias significativas entre los grupos de tamaño de fruto.Palabras clave: aguacatero, embrión somático, hojas cotiledonares, piclora

Establecimiento in vitro de yemas axilares de Bambusa vulgaris var Vittata

Micropropagation is a viable alternative for bamboo propagation due to the potentialities this type of plant has for building, handicrafts confection and soil protection. The technique is an efficient alternative to plants propagation with a high genetic value and quality. The current research was developed focused on the in vitro establishing of axillary buds of Bambusa vulgaris var. Vittata. Three concentrations of sodium hypochlorite (1.0, 2.0 and 3.0%) and three different times (10, 15, 20 minutes) were used for disinfection of axillary buds. The highest rates of established buds were achieved using sodium hypochlorite to 2.0% during 20 minutes for disinfection. Between 86% and 100% buds sprouted, and a 93.7% of explants free of visible microbial contaminants were obtained from axillary buds introduced to in vitro conditions.Keywords: bamboo, disinfection, sodium hypochloriteLa micropropagación constituye una alternativa viable para la propagación del bambú, por el potencial que este tipo de planta posee para la construcción, desarrollo de artesanías y protección de suelos. Esta técnica es una alternativa para la propagación eficiente de plantas con alto valor genético y calidad. La presente investigación se desarrolló con el objetivo de lograr el establecimiento in vitro deBambusa vulgaris var. Vittata a partir de yemas axilares. Para la desinfección de las yemas axilares se emplearon tres concentraciones de Hipoclorito de Sodio (1.0, 2.0 y 3.0 %) y tres tiempos de desinfección (10, 15, 20 minutos). Los mayores porcentajes de yemas establecidas se obtuvieron al emplear Hipoclorito de sodio al 2.0% durante 20 minutos para la desinfección de las yemas. Entre el 86% y el 100% de las yemas brotaron y se obtuvo un 93.7 % de explantes libres de contaminantes microbianos visibles a partir de yemas axilares introducidas en condiciones in vitro.Palabras clave: bambú, desinfección, hipoclorito de sodi

Expression of ciliary neurotrophic factor and its receptor in experimental obstructive nephropathy

Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is well known as a growth/survival factor of neuronal tissue. We investigated the expression of CNTF and its specific receptor alpha (CNTFRα) in a unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model. Complete UUO was produced by left ureteral ligation in Sprague-Dawley rats. The animals were sacrificed on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, and 28 after UUO. The kidneys were fixed, and processed for both immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. CNTF immunoreactivity in sham-operated kidneys was observed only in the descending thin limb (DTL) of the loop of Henle. In UUO kidneys, CNTF expression was induced in the S3 segment (S3s) of the proximal tubule from day 1, and progressively expanded into the entire S3s and a part of the convoluted proximal tubules, distal tubules (DT), and glomerular parietal epithelium up to day 7. Upregulated CNTF expression was maintained to day 28. From day 14, the inner medullary collecting duct showed weak CNTF immunoreactivity. The CNTFRα mRNA hybridization signal in sham-operated kidneys was weakly detected in the DTL, DT, medullary thick ascending limb, and in a few S3s cells. After UUO, CNTFRα mRNA expression increased progressively in both the renal cortex and the medulla up to day 7 and increased expression was maintained until day 28. The results suggest that the S3s may be the principal induction site for CNTF in response to renal injury, and that CNTF may play a role in chronic renal injury

Efecto del ácido salicílico sobre la formación de callos en tres clones de Theobroma cacao L.

Cocoa is a crop of great economic importance and it has interest as a source of naturally occurring compounds. The tissue culture using metabolic elicitation is an alternative for large scale production of secondary metabolites. This study aimed to determine the effect of salicylic acid as elicitor for the production of cell biomass of Theobroma cacao L. in three clones. For callus formation staminodes of ‘UF-613’, ‘UF-650’ and ‘Pound-7’ clones were used. It were added 0.02, 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15 mg l-1 salicylic acid to the culture medium. At 15 and 28 days of culture the number of explants formed callus were quantified and the percentage of callus formation was calculated. In the best results clone the secondary metabolites in callus and culture medium were identified by phytochemical screening. The addition of salicylic acid accelerated callus formation in the cocoa clones ‘UF-613’, ‘UF-650’ and ‘Pound-7’. The results depended of the clone and the concentrations used. The identification of secondary metabolites in callus of ‘UF-650’ clone and in the culture medium is the starting point for future research. Key words: tissue culture, phytochemical screening, secondary metabolites.El cacao es un cultivo de gran importancia económica que resulta de interés como fuente de compuestos de origen natural. El cultivo de tejidos con empleo de elicitación metabólica es una alternativa para la producción a gran escala de estos metabolitos secundarios. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo determinar el efecto del ácido salicílico como elicitor para la producción de biomasa celular de Theobroma cacao L. en tres clones. Para la formación de callos se utilizaron estaminoides de los clones ‘UF-613’, ‘UF-650’ y ‘Pound-7’. Se adicionaron 0.02; 0.05; 0.10 y 0.15 mg l-1 de ácido salicílico al medio de cultivo. A los 15 y 28 días de cultivo se cuantificó el número de explantes que formaron callos y se calculó el porcentaje de formación de callos. En el clon de mejores resultados se identificaron los metabolitos secundarios presentes en callos y medio de cultivo mediante tamizaje fitoquímico. La adición de ácido salicílico aceleró la formación de callos en los clones de cacao ‘UF-613’, ‘UF-650’ y ‘Pound-7’. Los resultados dependieron del clon y de las concentraciones utilizadas. La identificación de metabolitos secundarios en callos del clon ‘UF-650’ y en el medio de cultivo es punto de partida para futuras investigaciones. Palabras clave: cultivo in vitro, metabolitos secundarios, tamizaje fitoquímico

Chave I da oclusão de acordo com os critérios de Andrews e distúrbios temporomandibulares

Introducción: el estudio de la oclusión y su papel en la etiología de los trastornos temporomandibulares ha sido un tema controvertido y de interés en el campo estomatológico. Objetivo: determinar la relación entre la oclusión, según clave I de los criterios de Andrews y los trastornos temporomandibulares.Método: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal a estudiantes de la carrera de Estomatología en la Clínica Estomatológica Docente Provincial de la ciudad de Sancti-Spíritus, en el periodo comprendido de septiembre de 2018 a septiembre de 2019. El universo fue de 42, la muestra aleatoria simple fue conformada por 40 estudiantes, los que respondían a los criterios de inclusión. Las variables de estudio fueron: presencia de trastorno temporomandibular, relación de molares, de caninos y coincidencia de las líneas media. Se utilizaron métodos del nivel teórico, empírico, estadísticos y matemáticos. Resultados: el 52,5 % de los pacientes presentó trastornos temporomandibulares, de los cuales, la relación de molares era bilateral en el 80 %. Con respecto a la relación de caninos, todos los afectados presentaron relación de mesio, disto o combinación de ellas. La mayoría de los no afectados (89,5 %) tenía coincidencia de las líneas media.Conclusiones: se constata que cualquier alteración en la oclusión dentaria según los criterios de Andrews tendrán consecuencias en el sistema estomatognático y, por tanto, en la aparición de los trastornos temporomandibulares.Introduction: the study of occlusion and its role in the etiology of temporomandibular disorders has been a controversial topic of interest in the stomatological field.Objective: to determine the relationship between occlusion, according to key I of the Andrews criteria, and temporomandibular disorders. Method: an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out on students of dentistry at the Clínica Estomatológica Docente Provincial of the city of Sancti-Spíritus, in the period from September 2018 to September 2019. The population was of 42 students, the simple random sample consisted of 40 of them, those who responded to the inclusion criteria. The study variables were: presence of temporomandibular disorder, canines and molars ratio and coincidence of dental midlines. Methods of the theoretical, empirical, statistical and mathematical levels were used. Results: 52.5% of the patients presented temporomandibular disorders, of which the molar relationship was bilateral in 80%. Regarding the relationship of canines, all those affected presented a relationship of mesio, disto or a combination of them. Most of the unaffected (89.5%) had midline coincidence. Conclusions: it is found that any alteration in dental occlusion according to the Andrews criteria will have consequences on the stomatognathic system and, therefore, on the appearance of temporomandibular disorders.Introdução: o estudo da oclusão e seu papel na etiologia dos distúrbios temporomandibulares tem sido um tema controverso e de interesse no campo estomatológico. Objetivo: determinar a relação entre oclusão, de acordo com a chave I dos critérios de Andrews, e distúrbios temporomandibulares. Método: foi realizado um estudo observacional, descritivo e transversal com alunos da carreira de Estomatologia da Clínica Estomatológica Docente Provincial da cidade de Sancti Spíritus, no período de setembro de 2018 a setembro de 2019. O universo foi de 42, a amostra aleatória simples foi composta por 40 alunos, aqueles que responderam aos critérios de inclusão. As variáveis de estudo foram: presença de disfunção temporomandibular, relação de molares, caninos e coincidência das linhas médias. Foram utilizados métodos dos níveis teórico, empírico, estatístico e matemático. Resultados: 52,5% dos pacientes apresentavam disfunção temporomandibular, sendo a relação molar bilateral em 80%. Sobre a relação dos caninos, todos os afetados apresentaram relação de mesio, disto ou uma combinação dos dois. A maioria dos não afetados (89,5%) teve uma coincidência das linhas médias. Conclusões: verifica-se que qualquer alteração da oclusão dentária de acordo com os critérios de Andrews terá consequências no sistema estomatognático e, portanto, no aparecimento dos distúrbios temporomandibulares