Structure of a rare non-standard sequence k-turn bound by L7Ae protein

Kt-23 from Thelohania solenopsae is a rare RNA kink turn (k-turn) where an adenine replaces the normal guanine at the 2n position. L7Ae is a member of a strongly conserved family of proteins that bind a range of k-turn structures in the ribosome, box C/D and H/ACA small nucleolar RNAs and U4 small nuclear RNA. We have solved the crystal structure of T. solenopsae Kt-23 RNA bound to Archeoglobus fulgidus L7Ae protein at a resolution of 2.95 Å. The protein binds in the major groove displayed on the outer face of the k-turn, in a manner similar to complexes with standard k-turn structures. The k-turn adopts a standard N3 class conformation, with a single hydrogen bond from A2b N6 to A2n N3. This contrasts with the structure of the same sequence located in the SAM-I riboswitch, where it adopts an N1 structure, showing the inherent plasticity of k-turn structure. This potentially can affect any tertiary interactions in which the RNA participates

The German reportative subjunctive: a relevance-theoretic analysis

This study uses Sperber and Wilson’s relevance theory in order to provide an original account of the German verb form known as the reportative subjunctive, which occurs exclusively in indirect-speech contexts. It is argued that the German reportative subjunctive encodes procedural meaning, whose purpose is to reduce the amount of processing effort that a hearer must expend in inferring that an instance of indirect speech is to be understood to conform to a specific prototype of indirect speech. This procedural meaning is able to account for three phenomena which are characteristic of the German reportative subjunctive. Firstly, it accounts for the range of verba dicendi to which the reportative subjunctive may be subordinate. Secondly, it explains the fact that the matrix clause to which an instance of indirect speech needs to be understood to be subordinate does not always have to be explicitly stated. Thirdly, this procedural meaning accounts for the range of attitudes that a reporter may imply contextually towards a reported proposition. Ultimately, this study aims to improve on existing accounts by identifying a single function for this verb form which is capable of accounting fully for its uses and distribution

The new sound : a transcription and analysis of selected solos of Woody Shaw

Summary in English.|Bibliography: leaf 95.This work is in two parts. The first section consists of ten transcriptions of the solos of the trumpet player Woody Shaw. These have been transcribed by ear directly from the recordings. The second section of the work consists of analyses of the transcriptions. Woody Shaw remains one of the most harmonically progressive jazz trumpet players today, years after his death. Like the great saxophone player John Coltrane, he liked to superimpose tonalities of his own choosing over the original tonality of the music

The k-junction motif in RNA structure

The k-junction is a structural motif in RNA comprising a three-way helical junction based upon kink turn (k-turn) architecture. A computer program written to examine relative helical orientation identified the three-way junction of the Arabidopsis TPP riboswitch as an elaborated k-turn. The Escherichia coli TPP riboswitch contains a related k-junction, and analysis of >11 000 sequences shows that the structure is common to these riboswitches. The k-junction exhibits all the key features of an N1-class k-turn, including the standard cross-strand hydrogen bonds. The third helix of the junction is coaxially aligned with the C (canonical) helix, while the k-turn loop forms the turn into the NC (non-canonical) helix. Analysis of ligand binding by ITC and global folding by gel electrophoresis demonstrates the importance of the k-turn nucleotides. Clearly the basic elements of k-turn structure are structurally well suited to generate a three-way helical junction, retaining all the key features and interactions of the k-turn

How RNA acts as a nuclease:some mechanistic comparisons in the nucleolytic ribozymes

Recent structural and mechanistic studies have shed considerable light on the catalytic mechanisms of nucleolytic ribozymes. The discovery of several new ribozymes in this class has now allowed comparisons to be made, and the beginnings of mechanistic groupings to emerge.</jats:p

The oretical and experimental investigations of structure, reactivity and bonding in some organic systems

A theoretical study has been made of some aspects of prototype potential energy surfaces for some simple organic reactions. Addition of prototype electrophiles to simple alkenes has been investigated by means of non-empirical and semi-empirical calculations, within the Hartree-Fock formalism, and the resulting carbonium ions studied. The systems under investigation may be formally considered as being derived from electrophilic addition of H(^+) to ethylene, fluoroethylene and chloroethylene, or of X(^+) (X=F,Cl) to ethylene, and may thus be represented as (C(_2)H(_4)X)(^+), X=H,F and Cl. For the simplest system, C(_2)H(_5)(^+), two basic structures have been considered, the classical ethylcation and the bridge-protonated ethylene. The energies of these species have been minimised with respect to the C-C bond lengths and also, in the case of the latter ion, with respect to the distance of the bridging H from the CC bond centre. Examination of conformational processes in the classical ion has shown a virtual absence of any barrier to rigid rotation about the cc bond. The calculated relative energies of the species has indicated, subject to limitations imposed by the basis set size and partial geometry optimisation, that in the gas phase the classical ion should be ~5.2k cal mole(^-1) more stable than the bridge protonated ethylene. Furthermore calculations along an idealised reaction coordinate representing trans-formation between the two species have indicated the absence of an activation barrier thus suggesting the bridged ion to be the transition state for the scrambling of the hydrogen atoms of the ethyl cation. These results have been compared with mass spectrometric data. The approach of a prototype nucleophile (H(^-)) to ethyl cation has been examined, results suggesting a preferential cis attack. Conformational processes in the 1- and 2- fluoroethyl chlorethyl cations have been examined. The rotational barrier in the 2- fluoroethyl cation has been shown to be very large (10.5k cal mole) and, with the exception of the 2- chloroethyl cation, all the barriers for the substituted ethyl cations have been shown to be dominated by attractive terms. In both the fluoro and chloroethyl systems, predicted ordering of stabilities of cations has been 1- haloethyl > bridge-protonated haloethylene > 2- haloethyl, and idealised reaction coordinates have been constructed relating the ions in the fluoro case, the results predict the total absence of any activation barrier in trans-forming 2- to 1- fluoroethyl cation, whilst, in the analogous chloro case, a small barrier (4.3 k cal mole(^-1)) is predicted. Relative thermochemical stabilities of the ions have been computed, and the stabilising/destabilising effects of halogen substitution in these carbonium ions investigated and compared with experimental data. The halogen bridged 'halonium' ions have been studied, and their total energies minimised with respect to the distance of the halogen atom from the CC bond centre. The calculations have indicated that the fluoronium ion should be of marginally greater stability than the 2- fluoroethyl cation (3.6k cal mole(^-1)) and this has been discussed in the light of published nmr studies of the ionisation of 2-halo-3fluoro 2,3-dimethyl butanes in SO(_2)/SbF(_5). Results for the chloronium ion have indicated that this ion should be considerably more stable (15.8k cal mole(^-1)) than the corresponding 2- chloroethyl cation. Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Applications (ESCA) has been employed for the measurement of core binding energies in three series of closely related molecules (i) a series of acetyl compounds of general formula CH(_3)COX, X=H, CH(_3), OH, OCH(_3), NH(_2), NHCH(_3), COCH(_3), CO(_2)H, CN and OCOCH(_3). (ii) a series of five membered ring heterocycles. (iii) a series of pyrimidine bases and related compounds. Assignment of core levels has been accomplished in two ways, (i) Direct correlation of measured binding energies with orbital energies derived from SCF calculations, i.e. assuming Koopmans' theorem, (ii) Correlation of shifts in core binding energies with computed electron distributions within the molecule using the charge potential model. In general, assignments based upon the different methods have been found to be in agreement. Furthermore in the case of some members of the pyrimidine series comparison has been possible between charge potential assignments using both ab initio and CNDO/II populations. Agreement between the two sets has been complete

The molecular recognition of kink-turn structure by the L7Ae class of proteins

L7Ae is a member of a protein family that binds kink-turns (k-turns) in many functional RNA species. We have solved the X-ray crystal structure of the near-consensus sequence Kt-7 of Haloarcula marismortui bound by Archaeoglobus fulgidus L7Ae at 2.3-Å resolution. We also present a structure of Kt-7 in the absence of bound protein at 2.2-Å resolution. As a result, we can describe a general mode of recognition of k-turn structure by the L7Ae family proteins. The protein makes interactions in the widened major groove on the outer face of the k-turn. Two regions of the protein are involved. One is an α-helix that enters the major groove of the NC helix, making both nonspecific backbone interactions and specific interactions with the guanine nucleobases of the conserved G•A pairs. A hydrophobic loop makes close contact with the L1 and L2 bases, and a glutamate side chain hydrogen bonds with L1. Taken together, these interactions are highly selective for the structure of the k-turn and suggest how conformational selection of the folded k-turn occurs