Kävelijä jäi auton alle:oikeudenmukaisuus kaupunkiliikenteessä kolariuutisoinnin kautta tarkasteltuna

Tiivistelmä. Liikennekolareita ja niistä puhumista harvoin tarkastellaan oikeudenmukaisuuden näkökulmasta uutisoitaessa eikä seurauksia välttämättä mietitä. Kolariuutisoinnin käsittely ja siten epäsuorasti liikenneturvallisuuden käsittely maantieteellisestä näkökulmasta on jäänyt vähäisemmälle huomiolle kuin mikä tieteenalan hyödyntämisen mahdollisuudet aiheessa olisivat. Tarkastelen työssäni kolariuutisointia oikeudenmukaisen kaupunkiliikenteen teorian pohjalta. Nostan esille aiheen merkittävyyttä: miten asioista puhutaan vaikuttaa siihen, miten oikeudenmukaisuutta kaupunkiliikenteessä on mahdollista toteuttaa ja miten liikenneturvallisuus ja liikenteen oikeudenmukaisuus yhdistyy. Oikeudenmukaisuudesta puhuttaessa kolarin osallisten suhteen, puhutaan siitä, mitä epäoikeudenmukaisuuksia on ja mitä virheajatteluja syntyy tämän epäoikeudenmukaisuuden pohjalta. Työn ensimmäinen osio käsittelee oikeudenmukaista kaupunkiliikennettä. Teoriassa tunnistetaan eri liikennemuotojen hyödyt sekä haitat ja nostetaan esille se, että liikennejärjestelmä ei ole luonnollisesti syntynyt vaan jotain, mitä luodaan. Teoriassa oikeudenmukaisuutta tarkastellaan epäoikeudenmukaisuuden kautta. Epäoikeudenmukaisuudet jakautuvat kolmeen osa-alueeseen: altistuminen, tila ja aika. T oinen osio käsittelee englanninkielistä keskustelua kolarien yhteydessä käytettävistä termeistä: accident ja crash. On suositeltavampaa käyttää käsitettä crash sanan accident sijasta. Käsittelen termeihin liittyvää keskustelua suomen kielen näkökulmasta. Tarkastelen suomen kielen sanoja onnettomuus ja kolari. Nostan myös esille kritiikkiä sanaa crash kohtaan sekä kritisoin oikeudenmukaisen kaupunkiliikenteen sanavalintoja kolarin suhteen ja avaan omia käännöspäätöksiäni. Työni analyysi käsittelee sitä, minkälaista tutkimusta on tehty tavanomaisiin kolareihin kohdistuvasta uutisoinnista. Tutkimuksia yhdistää kiinnostus sitä kohtaan, nähdäänkö kolarit yksittäisinä tapahtumina vai osana laajempaa kuvaa. Tarkastelen erilaisia uutisissa esiintyviä arkkityyppejä ja minkälaisia vaikutuksia erilaisilla toimituksellisilla valinnoilla on ihmisille syntyviin käsityksiin tapahtumista. Tarkastelen tuloksia oikeudenmukaisen kaupunkiliikenteen teorian kautta

Anchoring of proteins to lactic acid bacteria

The anchoring of proteins to the cell surface of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) using genetic techniques is an exciting and emerging research area that holds great promise for a wide variety of biotechnological applications. This paper reviews five different types of anchoring domains that have been explored for their efficiency in attaching hybrid proteins to the cell membrane or cell wall of LAB. The most exploited anchoring regions are those with the LPXTG box that bind the proteins in a covalent way to the cell wall. In recent years, two new modes of cell wall protein anchoring have been studied and these may provide new approaches in surface display. The important progress that is being made with cell surface display of chimaeric proteins in the areas of vaccine development and enzyme- or whole-cell immobilisation is highlighted.

A Genome-Wide Comparative Evolutionary Analysis of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Varicella Zoster Virus

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and varicella zoster virus (VZV) are closely related viruses causing lifelong infections. They are typically associated with mucocutaneous or skin lesions, but may also cause severe neurological or ophthalmic diseases, possibly due to viral- and/or host-genetic factors. Although these viruses are well characterized, genome-wide evolutionary studies have hitherto only been presented for VZV. Here, we present a genome-wide study on HSV-1. We also compared the evolutionary characteristics of HSV-1 with those for VZV. We demonstrate that, in contrast to VZV for which only a few ancient recombination events have been suggested, all HSV-1 genomes contain mosaic patterns of segments with different evolutionary origins. Thus, recombination seems to occur extremely frequent for HSV-1. We conclude by proposing a timescale for HSV-1 evolution, and by discussing putative underlying mechanisms for why these otherwise biologically similar viruses have such striking evolutionary differences

An Oral Vaccine Based on U-Omp19 Induces Protection against B. abortus Mucosal Challenge by Inducing an Adaptive IL-17 Immune Response in Mice

As Brucella infections occur mainly through mucosal surfaces, the development of mucosal administered vaccines could be radical for the control of brucellosis. In this work we evaluated the potential of Brucella abortus 19 kDa outer membrane protein (U-Omp19) as an edible subunit vaccine against brucellosis. We investigated the protective immune response elicited against oral B. abortus infection after vaccination of mice with leaves from transgenic plants expressing U-Omp19; or with plant-made or E. coli-made purified U-Omp19. All tested U-Omp19 formulations induced protection against Brucella when orally administered without the need of adjuvants. U-Omp19 also induced protection against a systemic challenge when parenterally administered. This built-in adjuvant ability of U-Omp19 was independent of TLR4 and could be explained at least in part by its capability to activate dendritic cells in vivo. While unadjuvanted U-Omp19 intraperitoneally administered induced a specific Th1 response, following U-Omp19 oral delivery a mixed specific Th1-Th17 response was induced. Depletion of CD4+ T cells in mice orally vaccinated with U-Omp19 resulted in a loss of the elicited protection, indicating that this cell type mediates immune protection. The role of IL-17 against Brucella infection has never been explored. In this study, we determined that if IL-17A was neutralized in vivo during the challenge period, the mucosal U-Omp19 vaccine did not confer mucosal protection. On the contrary, IL-17A neutralization during the infection did not influence at all the subsistence and growth of this bacterium in PBS-immunized mice. All together, our results indicate that an oral unadjuvanted vaccine based on U-Omp19 induces protection against a mucosal challenge with Brucella abortus by inducing an adaptive IL-17 immune response. They also indicate different and important new aspects i) IL-17 does not contribute to reduce the bacterial burden in non vaccinated mice and ii) IL-17 plays a central role in vaccine mediated anti-Brucella mucosal immunity

A Wide Extent of Inter-Strain Diversity in Virulent and Vaccine Strains of Alphaherpesviruses

Alphaherpesviruses are widespread in the human population, and include herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and 2, and varicella zoster virus (VZV). These viral pathogens cause epithelial lesions, and then infect the nervous system to cause lifelong latency, reactivation, and spread. A related veterinary herpesvirus, pseudorabies (PRV), causes similar disease in livestock that result in significant economic losses. Vaccines developed for VZV and PRV serve as useful models for the development of an HSV-1 vaccine. We present full genome sequence comparisons of the PRV vaccine strain Bartha, and two virulent PRV isolates, Kaplan and Becker. These genome sequences were determined by high-throughput sequencing and assembly, and present new insights into the attenuation of a mammalian alphaherpesvirus vaccine strain. We find many previously unknown coding differences between PRV Bartha and the virulent strains, including changes to the fusion proteins gH and gB, and over forty other viral proteins. Inter-strain variation in PRV protein sequences is much closer to levels previously observed for HSV-1 than for the highly stable VZV proteome. Almost 20% of the PRV genome contains tandem short sequence repeats (SSRs), a class of nucleic acids motifs whose length-variation has been associated with changes in DNA binding site efficiency, transcriptional regulation, and protein interactions. We find SSRs throughout the herpesvirus family, and provide the first global characterization of SSRs in viruses, both within and between strains. We find SSR length variation between different isolates of PRV and HSV-1, which may provide a new mechanism for phenotypic variation between strains. Finally, we detected a small number of polymorphic bases within each plaque-purified PRV strain, and we characterize the effect of passage and plaque-purification on these polymorphisms. These data add to growing evidence that even plaque-purified stocks of stable DNA viruses exhibit limited sequence heterogeneity, which likely seeds future strain evolution