Inulina na Produção de Frangos de Corte

Introdução   A produção de frangos de corte representa grande importância para a economia brasileira, sendo um potente gerador de emprego e renda. Nos últimos anos, tem apresentado avanços no aspecto produtivo, parte destes associados ao melhoramento genético e ao avanço do conhecimento nas áreas de manejo, de alimentação e de nutrição (ALBINO et al., 2007). Desta maneira, a nutrição desempenha importante papel, que abrange desde a formulação de dietas que visam atender às exigências nutricionais, como busca pelo incremento no aproveitamento dos nutrientes presentes nos alimentos, em geral a base de milho e soja. Assim, o dinamismo da nutrição animal vem buscando novas estratégias para melhorar a digestibilidade dos alimentos e proporcionar condições que favoreçam a expressão do máximo potencial genético das aves, sem acréscimo ao custo de produção (ARAUJO et al. 2007). Como os promotores de crescimento antimicrobianos (antibióticos e quimioterápicos) são produtos que apresentam eficácia comprovada sobre a produtividade e saúde animal desde a década de 1990 esses vêm sendo largamente utilizados nas criações comerciais de frangos de corte. No entanto, o uso destes promotores de crescimento, podem induzir a resistência cruzada por bactérias patogênicas, em virtude da presença de seus resíduos na carne, desta forma tem ocorrido pressão dos consumidores para banir esses produtos da alimentação animal (MENTEN, 2002), sendo assim a União Européia proibiu o uso de antibióticos como promotores de crescimento com vencimento em janeiro de 2006. Aditivos alimentares são definidos como substâncias não nutritivas adicionadas intencionalmente aos alimentos para melhorar a eficiência destes. Podem interferir no metabolismo, proporcionam maior aceitabilidade pelos animais, conservam e modificam suas propriedades, desde que não prejudiquem seus valores nutritivos (OLIVEIRA et al., 2005;  SOUZA et al., 2005). Ainda como substâncias ou micro-organismos que normalmente não se consomem como alimentos, interferem ou melhoram as características destes ou de produtos animais. Neste contexto, com base em novos conceitos de segurança alimentar, produtos alternativos aos promotores de crescimento estão sendo pesquisados e desenvolvidos, visando o máximo desempenho e produção animal (MILTENBURG, 2000). Dentre estas alternativas, destacam-se os prebióticos que são ingredientes alimentares não digeríveis que beneficiam o hospedeiro por estimular seletivamente o crescimento e/ou a atividade de uma ou um número limitado de espécies bacterianas no cólon (GIBSON e ROBERFROID, 1995). Dentre os prebióticos utilizados na alimentação de animais, encontramos a inulina. A inulina é um prebiótico extraído da raiz da chicória e é composta por oligofrutose. A ingestão de inulina tem como resultado um aumento significativo da Bifidobacteria benéfica no intestino. Ao mesmo tempo, a presença de bactérias indesejáveis é reduzida significativamente. Este prebiótico também tem um impacto positivo na absorção de minerais como cálcio, fósforo e magnésio (ROBERFROID, 2007a; 2007b). A microbiota do trato gastrintestinal é dependente da dieta como principal fonte de substrato para o seu crescimento e metabolismo; dessa forma, o uso de prebiótico em rações para aves pode promover condições para uma microbiota benéfica e estável, auxiliando na digestão do alimento, absorção de nutrientes e inibindo a proliferação de microrganismos patogênicos, proporcionando melhor desempenho e saúde para os animais (STEFE et al., 2008). Pesquisadores destacam ainda que prebióticos são produtos inovadores, naturais, estabilizantes da flora intestinal agindo como melhoradores da saúde animal; aumentam o aproveitamento das proteínas, aminoácidos e energia da dieta (FLEMMING e FREITAS, 2005).&nbsp

Utilization by-products of soy oil industry and biodiesel and their mixture in different proportions in broiler feed

A presente tese foi desenvolvida com objetivo de avaliar a utilização dos subprodutos do processamento do óleo de soja (OS) (óleo ácido de soja -OAS, lecitina - LEC) e do biodiesel (glicerol - GLI) na alimentação de frangos de corte. Dois estudos foram conduzidos para determinar EMA destes subprodutos e suas combinações. Foram usados 390 frangos de corte machos com 21 d para cada experimento distribuídos em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com arranjo fatorial com 4 fontes de gordura e 3 níveis de inclusão mais uma dieta basal sem suplementação de gordura. Cada experimento foi composto por 13 tratamentos dietéticos com 6 repetições de 5 aves por repetição. No primeiro ensaio foi usado: OAS, GLI e LEC, bem como uma mistura contendo 85% OAS, 10% GLI e 5% LEC (MIS). As proporções das fontes de energia na mistura foram semelhantes à encontrada no óleo de soja bruto. No segundo ensaio foi usado quatro diferentes misturas destas fontes de energia sendo elas: 85% OAS e 10% GLI; 80% OAS e 15% GLI; 75% OAS e 20% GLI e 70% OAS e 25% GLI, em todas as misturas estabeleceu-se 5% LEC. Os tratamentos dietéticos foram formados pela adição de cada fonte energética suplementar aos níveis de 0% (100% da dieta basal (DB), 2% (98% DB + 2% fonte de energia), 4% (96% DB + 4% fonte de energia) ou 6% (94% DB + 6% fonte de energia) Nos dois ensaios foi realizado coleta total de excretas por 72h. Aos 28 dias de idade no final do período experimental um frango por repetição foi abatido para coleta do fígado e coleta de sangue para análise de glicerol e triglicérides plasmático e enzima hepática glicerol quinase. Para os dois experimentos houve diferença estatística entre as fontes energéticas (P<0,05). No primeiro ensaio a mistura das três fontes (85:10:5) mostrou melhor valor de EMA, no entanto no segundo experimento a mistura de 80% OAS 15% GLI e 5% LEC apresentou melhor valor quando comparado as demais misturas. Para a concentração de glicerol e triglicerídeos plasmático, assim como para a atividade da enzima glicerol quinase, houve interação entre as fontes e o nível de inclusão (P<0,05). A medida que aumentou o nível de inclusão aumentou-se a concentração de glicerol no plasma e diminuiu a atividade da enzima, no entanto, isto não foi suficiente para saturar a enzima. Em conclusão, os tratamentos mostraram que a mistura de subprodutos do óleo de soja e do biodiesel podem ser usadas como fontes energéticas em dietas de frangos de corte sem acarretar problemas no metabolismo normal do glicerol.This thesis was carried out to evaluate the utilization of soybean oil (SO) (acidulated soap stock - ASS, lecithin - LEC) and biodiesel (glycerol - GLY) in broiler feeds. Two studies were conducted to determine AME these byproducts and their combinations. At total of 390 21-d-old male broilers were utilized for each experiment distributed in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement of 4 fat sources and 3 levels of inclusion plus the basal diet without any fat source. Each study contained 13 dietary treatments with 6 replicates of 5 chickens per replicate. In the first experiment, the fat sources used were OAS, GLY and, LEC as well as a mixture (MIX) containing 85%, 10% and 5% respectively. The proportions of energy sources in the mix were similar to that found in crude soybean oil. In the second experiment, it was used four different mixtures of these energy sources, which are, 85% ASS: 10% GLY; 80% ASS: 15% GLY; 75% ASS: 20% GLY and 70% ASS: 25% GLY in all mixtures was fixed 5% LEC. The experimental treatments consisted of addition of each supplemental fat source at the levels of 0% (100% of basal diet (BD)), 2% (98% BD + 2% fat source), 4% (96% BD + 4% fat source) or 6% (94% BD + 6% fat source). The total excreta collection was conducted for 72h. At 28 days of age, the end of the study period one chicken by repetition was slaughtered to collect the liver and blood collection for analysis of plasmatic glycerol and triglycerides and the liver was used for analysis of glycerol kinase enzyme For both experiments was observed statistical difference between energy sources (P <0.05) in the first experiment the mixture of the three sources (85:10: 5) showed best value of AME, however, in the second experiment the mixture of 80% OAS GLI 15% and 5% LEC showed better value when compared to the other mixtures. For the concentration of plasma glycerol and triglycerides, as well as the activity of the enzyme glycerol kinase, there was an interaction between the sources and the inclusion level (P <0.05). As we increased the level of inclusion increased the concentration of glycerol in plasma and decreased enzyme activity, however, this was not enough to saturate the enzyme. In conclusion, the treatment showed that the mixture of soybean oil and biodiesel by-products could be used as energy sources in broiler diets without causing problems in the normal metabolism of the glycerol

Energy utilization of by-products from the soybean oil industry by broiler chickens : acidulated soapstock, lecithin, glycerol and their mixture

Acidulated soy soapstock (ASS) and lecithin (LEC) are by-products from processing soy oil (SO) for human consumption, whereas glycerol (GLY) can be obtained through the transesterification of vegetable oils during the production of biodiesel. These are valuable by-products for poultry feeds that have been underutilized in many parts of the world. One study was conducted to estimate the AMEn of ASS, LEC, GLY as well as of their mixture (MIX: 85% ASS, 5% LEC and 10% GLY). Two hundred and sixty Cobb 500 female broilers of 20 days of age were housed in steel wire battery cages in a controlled temperature room for broilers. A completely randomized (energy sources x fat inclusion level) factorial design was applied, with 4 replicates of three birds per treatment. Birds were fed a corn-soybean meal control diet without supplemental fat or with the addition of 2, 4, or 6 % of the four energy sources. Total excreta collection was performed from 26 to 28 days. The AMEn values of by-products were calculated using regression analysis as well as by the difference method. The average AMEn values calculated by regression analysis were: 9,232, 7,502, 5,447 and 8,404, whereas results with the difference method were: 7,951, 6,579, 3,979 and 8,101 kcal/kg for, in both cases for ASS, LEC, GLY and MIX, respectively. It is concluded that these energy sources can be for broilers and that there are significant differences between the methods used to estimate AMEn of fats

Energy utilization of by-products from the soybean oil industry by broiler chickens : acidulated soapstock, lecithin, glycerol and their mixture

Acidulated soy soapstock (ASS) and lecithin (LEC) are by-products from processing soy oil (SO) for human consumption, whereas glycerol (GLY) can be obtained through the transesterification of vegetable oils during the production of biodiesel. These are valuable by-products for poultry feeds that have been underutilized in many parts of the world. One study was conducted to estimate the AMEn of ASS, LEC, GLY as well as of their mixture (MIX: 85% ASS, 5% LEC and 10% GLY). Two hundred and sixty Cobb 500 female broilers of 20 days of age were housed in steel wire battery cages in a controlled temperature room for broilers. A completely randomized (energy sources x fat inclusion level) factorial design was applied, with 4 replicates of three birds per treatment. Birds were fed a corn-soybean meal control diet without supplemental fat or with the addition of 2, 4, or 6 % of the four energy sources. Total excreta collection was performed from 26 to 28 days. The AMEn values of by-products were calculated using regression analysis as well as by the difference method. The average AMEn values calculated by regression analysis were: 9,232, 7,502, 5,447 and 8,404, whereas results with the difference method were: 7,951, 6,579, 3,979 and 8,101 kcal/kg for, in both cases for ASS, LEC, GLY and MIX, respectively. It is concluded that these energy sources can be for broilers and that there are significant differences between the methods used to estimate AMEn of fats

Microbiological quality of raw milk and factors that influence its quality Qualidade microbiológica de leite cru refrigerado e fatores associados

In order to investigate the microbiological conditions of raw milk and some factors that influence its quality, 31 dairy farms of municipality of Marechal Cândido Rondon were evaluated. Analyses of aerobic mesophilic microorganisms, coliforms at 35ºC, thermotolerant coliforms and fungi and yeasts were accomplished. The following issues were evaluated: type of milking management, cleaning of utensils, separation of animals in batches during milking, teat washing and use of pre and post dipping disinfectant solution. The results showed that 25.8% (for aerobic mesophilic) and 19.35% (for coliforms at 35°C) of the analyzed samples had their counting above the actual legislation standard and 58.06% of the samples were contaminated with thermotolerant coliforms. It was verified that 64.51% of samples had fungi and yeasts counting above 100 UFC/mL. There were failures at hygiene and cleaning procedures in all dairy farms. Severe regulatory policies must be adopted for this kind of product aiming a food safety warranty to the customer.Para avaliação das condições microbiológicas do leite cru e estudo de alguns dos fatores que influenciam sua qualidade, foram analisadas 31 propriedades leiteiras do município de Marechal Cândido Rondon. Realizaram-se análises de microrganismos aeróbios mesófilos, coliformes a 35ºC, coliformes termotolerantes e de bolores e leveduras. Foram analisados tipo de ordenha, lavagem dos utensílios, separação dos animais no momento da ordenha por lotes, lavagem dos tetos e uso de soluções desinfetantes para pré e pós-dipping. Entre as amostras analisadas, 25,8% (para aeróbios mesófilos) e 19,35% (para coliformes a 35ºC) apresentaram contagens acima do padrão vigente pela legislação e 58,06% possuíam coliformes termotolerantes. Verificou-se que 64,51% das amostras apresentaram contagem de bolores e leveduras acima de 100 UFC/mL. Em todas as propriedades havia falhas nos procedimentos de higiene e limpeza. Devem ser adotadas medidas mais severas na fiscalização deste tipo de produto, visando garantir maior segurança alimentar ao consumidor

Performance of broiler chickens at pre starter and starter phases using diets with different metabolizable energy values of ingredients, at different ages

ABSTRACT: The experiment was carried out to evaluate the performance of broilers in 1-7 and 8-21 days of age, using metabolizable energy values of corn, soybean meal and soybean oil previously determined for each phase in another metabolism trial. Two trails were conducted, divided into phases according to ages: pre-starter (1-7 days) and starter (8-21 days). At each trial were used 924 broiler chicken randomly distributed into 42 experimental units in a completely randomized design with six treatments and seven replications. Treatments consisted of five diets using the values of apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance of corn, soybean meal and soybean oil determined in different metabolism trials, and one diet with the metabolizable energy values of these same ingredients, published on the literature. At the end of each stage, the animals and feed leftover were weighted to determine feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio. Diets with higher soybean oil inclusion, showed superior performance at different stages. At pre-starter only feed conversion ratio was significant (P<0.05). In the initial phase, there was a significant difference (P<0.05) for feed conversion ratio, daily and average weight gain

Development of microorganisms during storage of wet brewery waste under aerobic and anaerobic conditions

This research study was conducted to evaluate, by means of microbiological analyses, the preservation of wet brewery waste stored under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, regarding the development of filamentous fungi, yeasts and lactic-acid bacteria. The following treatments were used: untreated brewery waste, pre-dried brewery waste silage, brewery waste silage with effluent drainage and BW silage without effluent drainage. Silos made of PVC and equipped with Bunsen valves to allow gases to escape were used. Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), temperature (°C) and pH in the untreated BW, in the stored brewery waste and in the brewery waste silage upon silo opening, after 60 days of ensilage were analyzed. A completely randomized design was used. The data were subjected to analysis of variance, and the means were compared by the Tukey test at the 5% probability level. The preservation of brewery waste packaged under aerobic conditions was not appropriate due to the development of filamentous fungi and yeasts; however, storage under anaerobic conditions proved to be an effective conservation process