Efecto de la aplicación de enmiendas orgánicas sobre el desarrollo del cultivo de lechuga (Lactuca sativa L.)

The use of organic amendments is an alternative to seek more sustainable production over time and maintain the physical, chemical and biological fertility of the soil. The main objective of the research was to determine the effect of organic amendments on the development of the lettuce crop. The work was developed in the experimental field of the Faculty of Agrarian Sciences of the National University of Asunción. The treatments were: T1: without organic amendments T2: Bovine manure, T3: worm humus and T4: chicken manure, they were applied eight days before transplanting. The number of leaves per plant, the equatorial diameter of the plant, the average weight of lettuce plants and the yield per hectare were evaluated. The evaluations were carried out in the field, obtaining the data that were processed with statistical analyzes that included the analysis of variance and the Tukey test at 5% error. The results indicate that the organic amendments showed a significant effect in relation to the control in all the variables studied, better results were obtained with worm humus and chicken manure. It is concluded that worm castings and chicken manure are excellent organic amendments to increase the yield and quality of lettuce.El uso de enmiendas orgánicas es una alternativa para buscar una producción más sostenible en el tiempo y mantener la fertilidad física, química y biológica del suelo. El objetivo principal de la investigación fue Determinar el efecto de las enmiendas orgánicas sobre el desarrollo del cultivo de lechuga. el trabajo se desarrolló en el Campo experimental de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción. Los tratamientos fueron: T1: sin enmiendas orgánicas T2: Estiércol bovino, T3: humus de lombriz y T4: gallinaza, fueron aplicados ocho días antes del trasplante. Se evaluaron el número de hojas por plantas, el diámetro ecuatorial de la planta, el peso promedio de las plantas de lechuga y el rendimiento por hectárea. Las evaluaciones se realizaron en campo obteniéndose los datos que se procesaron con los análisis estadísticos que incluye el análisis de varianza y la prueba de tukey al 5 % de error. Los resultados indican que las enmiendas orgánicas mostraron efecto significativo en relación al testigo en todas las variables estudiadas, mejores resultados fueron obtenidas con el humus de lombriz y la gallinaza. Se concluye que el humus de lombriz y la gallinaza son excelentes enmiendas orgánicas para incrementar el rendimiento y la calidad de la lechuga

Rendimiento de Habilla Negra (Paseolus Vulgaris L.) Influenciado por la Aplicación de Fertilizantes Quimicos

The research work had as a general objective, to determine the most efficient applications of chemical fertilizers in terms of development and performance of the broad bean crop. The objective of the experiment was to evaluate the response of the bean to the addition of Macro and microelements in different stages of application. It was conducted in the Experimental Field of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of the National University of Asunción, Branch Pedro Juan Caballero, Republic of Paraguay; The experimental design used was completely randomized blocks (DBCA) with four treatments and four repetitions. The treatments consisted of the application of chemical fertilizers, T1: CONTROL, T2: microelements; T3 NPK T4: NPK plus Microelements. The variables evaluated were number of pods per plant, number of grains in each pod, weight of 100 grains, yield kg/ha. The application of NPK plus microelements showed better results in the number of pods per plant and number of grains per pod respectively, as well as numerically they presented superior results for yield per hectare.El trabajo de investigación tuvo como objetivo general, determinar las aplicaciones más eficientes de fertilizantes químicos en cuanto a desarrollo y rendimiento del cultivo de habilla. El experimento tuvo como objetivo evaluar la respuesta de la habilla al agregado de Macro y microelementos en diferentes etapas de aplicación. Fue conducido en el Campo Experimental de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Filial Pedro Juan Caballero, Republica del Paraguay; El delineamiento experimental utilizado fue el de bloques completamente al azar (DBCA) con cuatro tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones. Los tratamientos consistieron en la aplicación de fertilizantes químicos, T1: TESTIGO, T2: microelementos; T3 NPK T4: NPK más Microelementos. las variables evaluadas fueron número de vainas por planta, numero de granos en cada vaina, peso de 100 granos, rendimiento kg/ha. La aplicación de NPK más microelementos mostraron mejores resultados en la cantidad de vainas por plantas y número de granos por vaina respectivamente así también numéricamente presentaron resultados superiores para el rendimiento por hectáre

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field