Protection by Lactobacillus acidophilus UFV-H2B20 against experimental oral infection with Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Ser. Typhimurium in gnotobiotic and conventional mice Proteção por Lactobacillus acidophilus UFV-H2B20 contra o desafio oral experimental com Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Ser. Typhimurium em camundongos gnotobióticos e convencionais

The ability of Lactobacillus acidophilus UFV-H2B20 to antagonize Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica ser. Typhimurium and to reduce the pathological consequences for the host was determining using conventional and gnotobiotic animals. Conventional NIH mice received daily by gavage a 0.1 ml suspension containing about 10(8) cfu L. acidophilus UFV-H2B20 and germfree animals received a single 0.1 ml dose. The gnotobiotic and conventional groups were infected orally with 10² and 10(5) cfu of S. Typhimurium, respectively, 7 days after the beginning of treatment. Control groups were treated with sterile saline instead of Lactobacillus. Survival data showed a protective effect against the pathogenic bacteria in both conventional and gnotobiotic Lactobacillus-treated mice. L. acidophilus UFV-H2B20 colonized the digestive tract of gnotobiotic mice and the number of viable cells ranged from 10(9) to 10(10) cfu/g of faeces. In both experimental and control gnotobiotic animals, S. Typhimurium became rapidly established at a level ranging from 10(8) to 10(10) cfu/g of faeces and remained at high levels until the animals died or were sacrificed. In conclusion, the previous treatment of mice with L. acidophilus UFV-H2B20 protects the animals against the experimental infection with S. Typhimurium but this protection was not due to the reduction of the pathogenic populations in the intestines.<br>A capacidade de Lactobacillus acidophilus UFV-H2B20 de antagonizar Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica ser. Typhimurium, e de reduzir as conseqüências patológicas para o hospedeiro foram determinadas em animais convencionais e gnotobióticos. Camundongos NIH convencionais receberam diariamente, por via oral, 0,1 ml de uma suspensão contendo em torno de 10(8) ufc de L. acidophilus UFV-H2B20 e os animais sem germes receberam uma única dose de 0,1 ml. Os grupos gnotobióticos e convencionais foram desafiados oralmente com, respectivamente, 10² e 10(5) ufc de S. Typhimurium 7 dias após o início do tratamento. Os grupos controles foram tratados com salina estéril em vez do Lactobacillus. Dados de sobrevida mostraram um efeito protetor contra a bactéria patogênica em ambos os grupos convencional e gnotobiótico tratados com o Lactobacillus. L. acidophilus UFV-H2B20 colonizou o trato digestivo dos camundongos gnotobióticos e o número de células víaveis flutuou entre 10(9) e 10(10) ufc/g de fezes. Em ambos os grupos experimental e controle, S. Typhimurium se estabeleceu rapidamente numa faixa de 10(8) a 10(10) ufc/g de fezes e se manteve em níveis elevados até os animais morreram ou serem sacrificados. Em conclusão, o tratamento prévio de camundongos com L. acidophilus UFV-H2B20 protege os animais contra a infecção experimental com S. Typhimurium mas essa proteção não se deve à uma redução das populações patogênicas nos intestinos

CIRCUITO RÁPIDO PARA ENFRENTAMENTO DA AIDS: UMA ALTERNATIVA DE GESTÃO E GERÊNCIA DO CUIDADO PARA AS PESSOAS VIVENDO COM HIV/AIDS (PVHA)

No Brasil estima-se que, em 2022, cerca de 28% das PVHA tenham chegado aos serviços de saúde pela primeira vez com contagem LT-CD4 <200 células/mm3. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar a implantação de uma estratégia de resposta à Aids, denominada “circuito rápido para diagnóstico e tratamento da Aids”, baseada em testes “point of care”: testes imunocromatográfico de LT-CD4, Detecção do Antígeno Lipoarabinomanano (TB-LAM), Antígeno criptocócico (CrAg) e Antígeno Urinário para histoplasmose. O objetivo desta estratégia é implantar o rastreamento de tuberculose, histoplasmose e criptococose, iniciar tratamento da tuberculose latente (ILTB), profilaxia e tratamento de infecções oportunistas e tuberculose (TB) e reduzir o tempo para início do tratamento antirretroviral (TARV). Foi desenvolvido um estudo descritivo quantitativo a partir de indicadores monitorados pelo Ministério da Saúde. Foram definidos para a implantação os estados do Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Mato Grosso do Sul, Ceará e Amazonas, representando as 5 regiões do Brasil. Para a definição dos estados prioritários, foi considerado coeficiente de mortalidade, proporção de PVHA com primeiroLT-CD4 < 200/mm3; número de PVHA em interrupção de tratamento; proporção de coinfecção TB-HIV; internações hospitalares por CIDs relacionados ao HIV/aids. Os indicadores avaliados serão: utilização dos testes “point of care”, proporção de pessoas com doença avançada rastreadas rapidamente, proporção de início de profilaxia ou tratamento criptococose, TB e histoplasmose; início de TARV em até 7 dias. Resultados: No período entre 05 de junho e 11 de julho de 2023, 265 PVHA foram incluídas na estratégia, distribuídas em 23 municípios e vinculadas a 45 serviços de saúde das 05 UF. Serão realizadas análises por sexo, faixa etária, tempo de diagnóstico de HIV, em uso de TARV, contagem de CD4, resultados das testagens de LF-LAM, LF- CrAg e Antígeno urinário de histoplasmose

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data

NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans—anteaters, sloths, and armadillos—have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, 10 anteaters, and 6 sloths. Our data set includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the southern United States, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to the austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n = 5,941), and Cyclopes sp. have the fewest (n = 240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n = 11,588), and the fewest data are recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n = 33). With regard to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n = 962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n = 12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other data sets of Neotropical Series that will become available very soon (i.e., Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans data set. Please cite this data paper when using its data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using these data

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data