THE EFFICACY OF GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY FOR DIAGNOSIS OF THE SURGICAL GASTRIC PATHOLOGIES

Gastrointestinal endoscopy for small animals has evolved to become both an important diagnostic option and, in some situations even a therapeutic solution. Once considered to be only an adjunct to other diagnostic means, gastrointestinal endoscopy is now one of the most important techniques for evaluating patients with gastrointestinal signs. The minimal invasiveness, the increasing diagnostic capabilities, and the professional enjoyment in performing endoscopic procedures all add to the popularity of endoscopy in small animal practice. Endoscopy lends itself to a role of gastrointestinal evaluation because it provides visual documentation of the gastrointestinal lumen and the ability to collect samples for analysis, remove foreign bodies. Often other diagnostic test such as barium contrast studies or ultrasound evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract may not be sensitive enough to delineate many gastrointestinal mucosal disorders and fail to provide a means of collecting tissue for analysis . The gastrointestinal endoscopy has been performed for the first time in Petlife Hospital and the Veterinary Medicine Faculty of Tirana District in 12 dogs of different breeds, gender and age. All these dogs have exhibited clinical signs as anorexia, constipation, diarrhea, dysphagia, hematemesis, melena, mucoid feces, nausea, regurgitation, salivation tenesmus, vomiting and weight loss. Through gastric endoscopy was performed visual examination of the mucosal surface. The potential limitation of gastrointestinal endoscopy was the inability to diagnose submucosal lesions, gastrointestinal motility disorders or lesions that couldn’t be reached by endoscope. In 5 cases have been removed esophageal and gastric foreign bodies. In 2 adult dogs were identified the presence of gastric tumors. All the animals that have been examined through endoscopy were sedated with sedatives. As a conclusions the gastroscopy endoscopy remains in our days one of the most efficient diagnostic way of many surgical gastric pathologies.Keywords: Endoscopy, vomiting, analysis, gastrointestinal, submucosal

THE GASTRIC DILATATION AND TORSION IN DOGS, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT

Enlargment of the stomach associated with rotation on its mesenteric axis is referred to gastric dilatation-volvulus. Generally gastric dilatation volvulus is an acute condition. The gastric enlargement is thought to be associated with a functional or mechanical gastric outflow obstruction. The initiating cause is unknown: however the stomach dilates, normal physiologic means of removing air are hindered because the esophageal and pyloric portals are obstructed. This study was performed in Petlife Hospital, Kombinat, Tiranë during the period 2013-2014. During this period we have examined 30 cases of dogs with gastric signs like abdominal distention, vomiting, salivation anorexia etc. 20 of them are diagnosed with gastric dilatation and in 8 cases was observed also volvulus. 18 of these dogs were large , deep chested breeds. The light cases of stomach obstruction have been treated by medical way and the problematic lifethreating in the surgical way. The most successful treatment of the GD and GDV pathologies in dogs is the surgical treatment combined with medical treatment.Keywords: Gastric dilatation, gastric volvulus, dog, abdominal distension.

Therapeutic communication

This article focuses on the concept of "Therapeutic communication". it also tries to highlight the importance of this concept, which through verbal or nonverbal communication makes the nurse consciously influence a client or help the client. it involves the use of specific strategies that encourage the patient to express feelings and ideas. There are different reactions to "therapeutic communication" as all patients differ in their characters, background, social status, culture, etc. This article will also compare the role of the nurse as compared to that of the doctor. They must both master efficient therapeutic techniques of communication in order to establish empathy towards the experience that the patient reveals. it is of great importance for them to have communicative therapeutic skills in order to successfully apply the communicative process as well as to fulfil the standards of healthcare for the patients. Through therapeutic communication they should establish a relationship, identify the patients’ worries and needs, estimate the perceptions of the patient including detailed actions (behaviour, messages) etc. Results and recommendations will include a comparison between different techniques of therapeutic communication based on different experts such as Knapp and Hall, de vito etc

The Pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 as a Worldwide Health Safety Risk

The novel SARS virus, known as SARS-CoV-2, and the disease it causes, are acknowledged as a worldwide pandemic, thus breaking confusion on natural life and economies over the globe. The magnitude of the outbreak of COVID-19, which has been discovered relatively recently, and its massive impact on lives, societies, and the affected countries' economies is unparalleled. Cases of COVID-19 infection have been reported in 212 countries, with more than 71.2 million people have been affected till December 2020, resulting in more than 1.6 million deaths. All around the world, COVID-19 was transmitted through human-to-human, which has resulted in a worldwide outbreak. To decrease new infections and transmissions, measures such as lockdown has been applied in affected countries. However, all the daily activities were moved to a virtual reality, which adds more impact to investigate the virtual reality's future and its significant impact during this challenging time. This paper presents a short insight on the outbreak of coronavirus, COVID-19, by providing an analysis of the confirmed cases and discussing the disease's impact on social lives, gender influences, gyms as a safe and healthy places, economies, and health safety risks worldwide between humans and pet animal

Antibiotic Susceptibility of Staphylococcus Species Isolated in Raw Chicken Meat from Retail Stores

The study was aimed at evaluating the presence of antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in retailed raw chicken meat from retail stores intended for human consumption. The presence, characterization, and antibiotic susceptibility of S. aureus from 38 retail raw chicken meat samples was performed using a standard microbiological method involving mannitol salt agar (MSA) and Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA). All the samples were positive for Staphylococcus species, of which 34 (89.5%) were positive for S. aureus. The S. aureus isolates were most resistant to tetracycline (88.24%), erythromycin (82.35%), and chloramphenicol (61.77%). Nevertheless, decreased resistance towards gentamycin (23.53%) and cotrimoxazole (38.24%) were recorded. All the S. aureus isolates in this study were resistant to cloxacillin, amoxicillin, and augmentin (amoxicillin + clavulanic acid). The present findings show how the raw chicken meat samples could be a potential source of multidrug-resistant S. aureus strains dissemination. Therefore, this study suggests high-level contamination of meat with multidrug-resistant S. aureus and highlights the public health consequences of consuming such products. Undoubtedly, uncontrolled drugs in food animal production as growth stimulators or medicinal treatment present a possible consequence to people’s health. Having the aforementioned in mind, there is a necessity to control the use of drugs and monitor any residues left in the food intended for human consumption.This research was supported by Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia, and through a Beatriz Galindo Fellowship of the Ministerio de Educacion y Formacion Profesional, Spanish Government (BGP18/00062)

Utjecaj esencijalnog ulja čajevca (Melaleuca alternifolia) kao dodatka prehrani na proizvodna svojstva, oksidacijski status krvi i liječenje kokcidioze u kokoši nesilica

Aim of this experiment was to investigate the effect of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) essential oil in the nutrition of laying hens on table egg production, antioxidant activity and potential as a natural anticoccidial drug. A total of 360 Lohmann Brown laying hens aged 54 weeks were divided into 3 different treatment diets, supplemented with 0 (T1), 40 (T2) and 80 mg/kg (T3) tea tree essential oil, respectively. Each treatment was replicated 4 times with 30 birds each. The experiment lasted 56 days in total (55 to 62 weeks of hen age). The 56 day experimental period was divided into 2 periods of 28 days duration each: period 1 (55 to 58 weeks of hens age) and period 2 (59 to 62 weeks of hens age). The hens’ blood oxidative status, including glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), and the anticoccidial effects of tea tree on Eimeria spp. compared to the unsupplemented control treatment, were evaluated. With the diet supplemented with tea tree essential oil, hen-day egg production improved significantly (P0.05). The anticoccidial activity of tea tree essential oil caused a significant (P 0,05). Antikokcidijalna aktivnost esencijalnog ulja čajevca utjecala je na znakovito smanjenje (P < 0,05) broja oocista Eimeria spp. po kokoši. Na temelju rezultata ovoga istraživanja može se zaključiti da je dodatak esencijalnog ulja čajevca povećao dnevnu proizvodnju jaja i smanjio formiranje oocista, stoga se ono može upotrijebiti kao profilaktički dodatak prehrani kokoši nesilica. Također se pokazalo da je ulje čajevca važno u aktivaciji antioksidacijskog zaštitnog sustava u kokoši

Summer “Stress” and Reproduction Indicators in the Cow for Milk Production

The cow breeding sector is evolving continuously in response to the rapid growth in demand for livestock products. Increased environment temperature in summer season affect the overall clinical indicators and displays negative consequences on the production and reproduction of animals. In condition of our country, the greatest impact of heat stress in summer affect in the overall clinical indicators. Animal temperature increase by 0.2 to 0.4 ° C, frequency of breathing increases by 3.2 to 4.3 acts on the respiratory minute and the average value of the pulse increases to 2.4 to 4.1 pulsacione per minute. Under the influence of heat stress in the summer season varying the reproductive indexes. The duration of the oestral cycle is increased by 1.2 to 2.2 days, the time of oestrus decreases by 2 to 5 hours, the percentage of fertilization decreases by 20%, but the average time of the first heat show is not affected (before the service period).  Keywords: "stress" of heat, milk cow, clinical indication, oestrus, paraservis period, percentage of fertilization