Der platonische Nietzsche

Mit der Behauptung, dass seine eigene Philosophie als »umgedrehter Platonismus« verstanden werden soll, stellt Nietzsche seine Beziehung zum platonischen System dar. Dieses Forschungsprojekt sucht nach einer neuen Variation dieser Darstellung, um die philosophischen Analogien beider Autoren aufzuspüren. Das erste Kapitel beschäftigt sich mit einer Erläuterung des Begriffes „umgedrehter Platonismus“, womit die Differenz zwischen diesen beiden Systemen definiert wird. Diese Diskrepanz ist spürbar in vier verschiedene Bereichen: metaphysisch, axiologisch, gnoseologisch und ästhetisch. Das zweite Kapitel behandelt die Rolle des Apollinischen und des Dionysischen in der nietzscheschen Theorie. Die beiden Konzepte werden mit dem des platonischen Eros verglichen, da diese es dem Menschen ermöglichen, die sinnliche Welt zu verlassen und eine Ur-Realität kennenzulernen. Das dritte Kapitel analysiert die Verurteilung der Kunst in Platon’s „Staat“. Der griechische Philosoph strebt die wahre Kenntnis an und verbindet seine ästhetischen Überlegungen mit der Idee der Wahrheit. Nietzsche bearbeitet diese Verbindung zwischen Ästhetik und Erkenntnistheorie unter dem Begriff »amor fati«. Das vierte Kapitel ist der Physiologie der Liebe gewidmet. Nietzsche verwandelt der Erkenntnisprozess in eine leidenschaftliche Liebe. Die Erkenntnis nimmt die Form einer Passion an und kristallisiert sich allmählich und nach einem langen Prozess mit Höhen und Tiefen in »amor fati«. »Amor fati« schafft eine Ästhetisierung der Erkenntnis und Epistemologiesierung der Ästhetik. Somit liegt Nietzsches Erkenntnistheorie parallel zu jener Platons.By claiming that his philosophy should be understood as “inverted Platonism” Nietzsche defined his relationship to the Platonic system. This research project aims to articulate a new understanding of this relationship by analyzing philosophical similarities between the two authors'' respective philosophies. The first chapter is dedicated to the explanation of the term “inverted Platonism” and articulates the differences between Plato''s and Nietzsche''s systems. These discrepancies are manifested in four main areas: the metaphysical, the axiological, the gnosiological and the aesthetic. The second chapter deals with the roles of the Apollonian and the Dionysian in Nietzschean theory. Both concepts are compared with the Platonic Eros, as they invite man to abandon the sensual world and instead to commune with the very origin of reality. The third chapter analyzes Plato´s denunciation of art in “The Republic”. The Greek philosopher seeks true knowledge and connects his aesthetic concerns with the idea of Truth. Nietzsche refers to the cynosure between aesthetics and cognitive theory as “amor fati”. The fourth chapter is dedicated to the physiology of love. Nietzsche transforms the cognitive process into a passionate love. Cognition assumes the shape of passion, slowly crystallizing over time, with many twists and turns, into “amor fati”. “Amor fati” aestheticizes cognition and epistemologizes aesthetics. Therefore Nietzsche''s cognitive theory is actually equivalent to that of Plato

Media 1: Dual-wavelength orthogonally polarized radiation generated by a tungsten thermal source

Originally published in Optics Express on 18 November 2013 (oe-21-23-28570

Regio- and Stereoselective Synthesis of 2‑Amino-dienes via Decarboxylative Amination of 4‑(Ethoxycarbonyl)-2,3-allenols by TsNCO

A metal-free decarboxylative amination of 4-(ethoxy­carbonyl)-2,3-allenols by TsNCO via base-induced aza-Michael addition/elimination has been developed. A variety of substituted <i>N</i>-tosyl 1,3-dien-2-yl amines were obtained in good yields and excellent regio- and stereoselectivity. Moreover, this transformation could be applied in preparation of 2-amino-trienes

Spectroscopic probe to contribution of physicochemical transformations in the toxicity of aged ZnO NPs to <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i>: new insight into the variation of toxicity of ZnO NPs under aging process

<p>Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are one of the most abundantly applied nanomaterials in nanotechnology-based industries and they may cause unexpected environmental and health risks with their physicochemical transformations in the environment. Currently, there is still a lack of the in-depth understanding of the toxicity of aged ZnO NPs to aquatic organisms, particularly demanding quantitative analysis of the physicochemical transformations to distinguish their contributions in the toxicity assessment. For this purpose, therefore, we initiated the study of the toxicity of aged ZnO NPs to the model aquatic microalga, i.e. <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i>, and with the aid of spectroscopic tools for characterization and quantification of the physicochemical transformations, we scrutinized the toxicity variations for ZnO NPs with different aging times. As a result, we found that the toxicity altered in an abnormal manner with the aging time, i.e. the toxicity of aged ZnO NPs for 30 days showed the higher toxicity to the green alga than the fresh ZnO NPs or the ZnO NPs aged for longer time (e.g. 120 and 210 days). Through spectroscopic tools such as XRD, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, we made both the qualitative and quantitative assessments of the physicochemical changes of the ZnO NPs, and confirmed that in the early stage, the toxicity mainly stemmed from the release of zinc ions, but with longer aging time, the neoformation of the nanoparticles played the critical role, leading to the overall reduced toxicity due to the less toxic hydrozincite and zinc hydroxide in the transformed compounds.</p

Comparison of Photoluminescence Quantum Yield of Single Gold Nanobipyramids and Gold Nanorods

Fluorescent gold nanoparticles with high quantum yield are highly desirable for optical imaging in the fields of biology and materials science. We investigate the one-photon photoluminescence (PL) properties of individual gold nanobipyramids (GNBs) and find they are analogous to those of the extensively studied gold nanorods (GNRs). By combining PL and atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements with discrete dipole approximation (DDA) simulations, we obtain the PL quantum yield of single GNRs and GNBs. Compared to GNRs in the similar surface plasmon resonance range, the PL quantum yield of GNBs is found to be doubled. The stronger field intensity around GNBs can explain their higher PL quantum yields. Our research would provide deeper understanding of the mechanism of PL from gold nanoparticles as well as be beneficial for finding out optical imaging labels with high contrast

CDC Reaction and Subsequent Cyclization for the Synthesis of 2‑Hydroxy-3-alkyl-1,4-naphthoquinones and Pyranonaphthoquinones

The metal-free cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) reaction and subsequent cyclization of 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (lawsone) and 1,3-diarylpropene promoted by DDQ has been developed. 2-Hydroxy-3-alkyl-1,4-naphthoquinones and pyranonaphthoquinones with potential pharmaceutical applications are obtained in moderate to good yields. The reaction is also compatible for 4-hydroxycoumarins

RT-PCR detection of HERV-H spliced transcripts in colon cancer cell lines.

<p><b>A.</b> Schematic demonstration of the primer locations. TSS, transcription start site; TTS, transcription termination site. <b>B.</b> RT-PCR was performed to detect HERV-H spliced transcripts in colon cancer cell lines with/without demethylation/histone acetylation treatment using the DNA demethylation agent DAC and the histone deacetylase inhibitor TSA. H2O and genomic DNA mixture (gDNA mix) were used as controls. Genomic DNA mixture produced bands distinct from cDNA samples, which were reverse transcribed from DNase-treated RNA.</p

Characterization of the active HERV-H elements in colon cancer cell lines and their spliced transcripts.

<p><b>A.</b> Schematic of the six commonly deleted regions in the active HERV-H elements in colon cancer cell lines. <b>B.</b> Schematics of the two extraordinarily short HERV-H elements and their transcripts. Pair-wise alignments for each HERV-H element were performed with the HERV-H consensus constructed by Jern P, <i>et al</i>. The shortened alignment results were shown to indicate the missing regions precisely. Color density represents the extent of homology with the HERV-H consensus. Gray areas represent deleted regions in the HERV-H elements as compared with the HERV-H consensus. Spliced transcripts are shown above the alignment results accordingly. Thick bars represent exons, and lines represent introns. Regions of LTRs, pre-gag, <i>gag</i>, <i>pro</i>, <i>pol</i> and <i>env</i> are labeled below. <b>C.</b> Schematics of the two combinedly active HERV-H elements located at 1p32.3 in HT29.</p

Electrospinning Synthesis of Mesoporous MnCoNiO_<i>x</i>@Double-Carbon Nanofibers for Sodium-Ion Battery Anodes with Pseudocapacitive Behavior and Long Cycle Life

In this work, MnCoNiO_<i>x</i> (denoted as MCNO) nanocrystals (with a size of less than 30 nm) finely encapsulated in double-carbon (DC, including reduced graphene oxide and amorphous carbon derived by polymer) composite nanofibers (MCNO@DC) were successfully synthesized via an electrospinning method followed by a sintering treatment. The as-obtained MCNO@DC nanofibers present superior sodium storage performance and retain an especially high specific capacity of 230 mAh g^–1 with a large capacity retention of about 96% at 0.1 A g^–1 after 500 cycles and a specific capacity of 107 mAh g^–1 with capacity retention of about 89% at 1 A g^–1 after 6500 cycles. The outstanding cycle characteristic is mainly due to the tiny MCNO nanoparticles, which shorten the ion migration distance, and the three-dimensional DC framework, which remarkably promotes the electronic transfer and efficiently limits the volume expansion during the progress of insertion and extraction of Na⁺ ions. Moreover, nitrogen doped in carbon is able to improve the electrochemical capability as well. Finally, kinetic analysis of the redox reactions is used to verify the pseudocapacitive mechanism in charge storage and the feasibility of using MCNO@DC composite nanofibers as an anode for sodium-ion batteries with the above-mentioned behavior

The loci of active HERV-Hs in colon tumor and adjacent normal tissues.

<p>*Active elements individually contributing to more than 10% of the transcripts in tumor or adjacent normal samples are highlighted in boldface and their transcript abundances are indicated in the ‘Abundance’ column (individual and total, respectively).</p><p>**HERV-HX is the colon cancer-related HERV-H element identified by us previously <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0029950#pone.0029950-Liang2" target="_blank">[14]</a>. Inserts of PCR product clones were all HERV-HX fragments but not spliced sequences, in concordance with our previous finding that no spliced transcripts were produced from HERV-HX in colon tumor samples.</p><p>***The element located at 1q31.3 consists of 5′LTR and 3′LTR, with the entire protein coding region (<i>gag-pro-pol-env</i>) missing.</p><p>****Open reading frames (ORFs) were predicted by the online program ORF Finder and putative peptide sequences were subjected to Blastp search against the Non-redundant protein sequences at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/</a>. Only predicted ORFs≥303 nt (peptide sequence ≥100 aa) and with Blastp matches are included. RT, Reverse transcriptase; CREB5, cAMP response element-binding protein 5; Gag, group-specific antigen.</p