N-(3-Bromo-5-methyl-2-pyrid­yl)-4-methyl­benzene­sulfonamide

In the mol­ecule of the title compound, C13H13BrN2O2S, the dihedral angle formed by the pyridine and benzene rings is 66.87 (3)°. An intra­molecular N—H⋯Br hydrogen bond is observed. In the crystal structure, N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, C—H⋯π inter­actions and aromatic π–π stacking inter­actions [centroid–centroid distance = 3.757 (14) Å] link the mol­ecules into a three-dimensional network

Dietary treatment with omega fatty acids mediates in vitro rumen fermentation kinetics and reduce methane emission in water buffalo

Purpose: To investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of two omega fatty acids on in vitro rumen  fermentation, microbial populations, total gas and methane (CH4) production．Methods: Both linoleic and linolenic acids were supplemented at 0 (control), 1, 3, 5 and 7 % of dry matter (DM) in a ration with a high roughage to concentrate ratio (70: 30). Total gas and CH4  were measured at 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 h of fermentation while pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA), and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) concentrations were measured at 24 h using buffalo rumen fluid in an in vitro batch culture system. Microbial populations were determined using 16S-rDNA gene primers by RT-PCR.Results: The results revealed that linoleic acid at 3, 5 and 7 % decreased the concentration of NH3-N (p< 0.05) but linolenic acid at 5 and 7 % increased NH3-N (p < 0.05). A linear decrease (p <0.001) in acetate and butyrate, coupled with linear increase (p <0.001) in propionate was observed in response to treatment. Furthermore, supplementation of 3, 5 and 7 % of both fatty acids linearly (p < 0.001) decreased total gas and CH4 production when compared to the control. The addition of linoleic acid linearly (p < 0.001) decreased the number of protozoa without affecting methanogens, while linolenic acid linearly and quadratically (p < 0.001) reduced the population of both protozoa and methanogens (p < 0.05).Conclusion: Linolenic acid is more effective at a 3 % level in reducing methane production (up to 63 %) in high roughage diets

4,5-Bis(4-meth­oxy­phen­oxy)phthalonitrile

The title compound, C22H16N2O4, was obtained unintentionally as the product of an attempted synthesis of a new phthalocyanine. The dihedral angles formed by the central benzene ring with the aromatic rings of the meth­oxy­phen­oxy groups are 85.39 (5) and 64.19 (5)°

Development of a medical academic degree system in China

Context: The Chinese government launched a comprehensive healthcare reform to tackle challenges to health equities. Medical education will become the key for successful healthcare reform. Purpose:We describe the current status of the Chinese medical degree system and its evolution over the last 80 years. Content: Progress has been uneven, historically punctuated most dramatically by the Cultural Revolution. There is a great regional disparity. Doctors with limited tertiary education may be licensed to practice, whereas medical graduates with advanced doctorates may have limited clinical skills. There are undefined relationships between competing tertiary training streams, the academic professional degree, and the clinical residency training programme (RTP). The perceived quality of training in both streams varies widely across China. As the degrees of master or doctor of academic medicine is seen as instrumental in career advancement, including employability in urban hospitals, attainment of this degree is sought after, yet is often unrelated to a role in health care, or is seen as superior to clinical experience. Meanwhile, the practical experience gained in some prestigious academic institutions is deprecated by the RTP and must be repeated before accreditation for clinical practice. This complexity is confusing both for students seeking the most appropriate training, and also for clinics, hospitals and universities seeking to recruit the most appropriate applicants. Conclusion: The future education reforms might include: 1) a domestic system of \u27credits\u27 that gives weight to quality clinical experience vs. academic publications in career advancement, enhanced harmonisation between the competing streams of the professional degree and the RTP, and promotion of mobility of staff between areas of excellence and areas of need; 2) International - a mutual professional and academic recognition between China and other countries by reference to the Bologna Accord, setting up a system of easily comparable and well-understood medical degrees

Measurement of the Void Fraction of Gas-Liquid Two-Phase CO2 Flow Using Laser Attenuation Techniques

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a promising technology to reduce CO 2 emissions from industrial processes. However, void fraction measurement is one of the challenging issues to be solved for gas-liquid two-phase CO 2 flow measurement. This paper presents a novel measurement system using laser intensity attenuation techniques to measure the void fraction of two-phase CO 2 flow. The measurement system includes optical sensors, a laser detector array and a monolithic processor. The performance of the proposed measurement system is verified through experimental tests under various conditions, including stratified flow and bubbly flow. The void fraction of two-phase CO 2 flow ranges from 0 to 69%. Experimental results demonstrate that the system is capable of measuring the void fraction of CO 2 flow with an error between -2% and 3.6%