Impact of Early Growth on Postprandial Responses in Later Life

Peer reviewe

Body Size at Birth Is Associated with Food and Nutrient Intake in Adulthood

WOS:000309517300090Peer reviewe

Dose-Dependent Associations of Dietary Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, and Fiber With 3-Year Weight Loss Maintenance and Glycemic Status in a High-Risk Population : A Secondary Analysis of the Diabetes Prevention Study PREVIEW

OBJECTIVE To examine longitudinal and dose-dependent associations of dietary glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL), and fiber with body weight and glycemic status during 3-year weight loss maintenance (WLM) in adults at high risk of type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In this secondary analysis we used pooled data from the PREVention of diabetes through lifestyle Intervention and population studies in Europe and around the World (PREVIEW) randomized controlled trial, which was designed to test the effects of four diet and physical activity interventions. A total of 1,279 participants with overweight or obesity (age 25-70 years and BMI >= 25 kg . m(-2)) and prediabetes at baseline were included. We used multiadjusted linear mixed models with repeated measurements to assess longitudinal and dose-dependent associations by merging the participants into one group and dividing them into GI, GL, and fiber tertiles, respectively. RESULTS In the available-case analysis, each 10-unit increment in GI was associated with a greater regain of weight (0.46 kg . year(-1); 95% CI 0.23, 0.68; P < 0.001) and increase in HbA(1c). Each 20-unit increment in GL was associated with a greater regain of weight (0.49 kg . year(-1); 0.24, 0.75; P < 0.001) and increase in HbA(1c). The associations of GI and GL with HbA(1c) were independent of weight change. Compared with those in the lowest tertiles, participants in the highest GI and GL tertiles had significantly greater weight regain and increases in HbA(1c). Fiber was inversely associated with increases in waist circumference, but the associations with weight regain and glycemic status did not remain robust in different analyses. CONCLUSIONS Dietary GI and GL were positively associated with weight regain and deteriorating glycemic status. Stronger evidence on the role of fiber is needed.Peer reviewe

Links between gut microbiome composition and fatty liver disease in a large population sample

Fatty liver disease is the most common liver disease in the world. Its connection with the gut microbiome has been known for at least 80 y, but this association remains mostly unstudied in the general population because of underdiagnosis and small sample sizes. To address this knowledge gap, we studied the link between the Fatty Liver Index (FLI), a well-established proxy for fatty liver disease, and gut microbiome composition in a representative, ethnically homogeneous population sample of 6,269 Finnish participants. We based our models on biometric covariates and gut microbiome compositions from shallow metagenome sequencing. Our classification models could discriminate between individuals with a high FLI (>= 60, indicates likely liver steatosis) and low FLI (Clostridia, mostly belonging to orders Lachnospirales and Oscillospirales. Our models were also predictive of the high FLI group in a different Finnish cohort, consisting of 258 participants, with an average AUC of 0.77 and AUPRC of 0.51 (baseline at 0.21). Pathway analysis of representative genomes of the positively FLI-associated taxa in (NCBI) Clostridium subclusters IV and XIVa indicated the presence of, e.g., ethanol fermentation pathways. These results support several findings from smaller case-control studies, such as the role of endogenous ethanol producers in the development of the fatty liver

Associations of healthy food choices with gut microbiota profiles

Diet has a major influence on the human gut microbiota, which has been linked to health and disease. However, epidemiological studies on associations of a healthy diet with the microbiota utilizing a whole-diet approach are still scant.ObjectivesTo assess associations between healthy food choices and human gut microbiota composition, and to determine the strength of association with functional potential.MethodsThis population-based study sample consisted of 4930 participants (ages 25–74; 53% women) in the FINRISK 2002 study. Intakes of recommended foods were assessed using a food propensity questionnaire, and responses were transformed into healthy food choices (HFC) scores. Microbial diversity (alpha diversity) and compositional differences (beta diversity) and their associations with the HFC score and its components were assessed using linear regression. Multiple permutational multivariate ANOVAs were run from whole-metagenome shallow shotgun–sequenced samples. Associations between specific taxa and HFC were analyzed using linear regression. Functional associations were derived from Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes orthologies with linear regression models.ResultsBoth microbial alpha diversity (β/SD, 0.044; SE, 6.18 × 10−5; P = 2.21 × 10−3) and beta diversity (R2, 0.12; P ≤ 1.00 × 10−3) were associated with the HFC score. For alpha diversity, the strongest associations were observed for fiber-rich breads, poultry, fruits, and low-fat cheeses (all positive). For beta diversity, the most prominent associations were observed for vegetables, followed by berries and fruits. Genera with fiber-degrading and SCFA-producing capacities were positively associated with the HFC score. The HFC score was associated positively with functions such as SCFA metabolism and synthesis, and inversely with functions such as fatty acid biosynthesis and the sulfur relay system.ConclusionsOur results from a large, population-based survey confirm and extend findings of other, smaller-scale studies that plant- and fiber-rich dietary choices are associated with a more diverse and compositionally distinct microbiota, and with a greater potential to produce SCFAs.</p

The significance of glutathione conjugation for aflatoxin B₁ metabolism in rainbow trout and coho salmon

In rodent models as well as in fish models there are significant species differences in the susceptibility toward aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) carcinogenesis. Mouse is less susceptible toward AFB₁ carcinogenesis than rat. Researchers have come to the conclusion that the lower susceptibility of mice is not a result of less effective activation of AFB₁, but rather of more effective inactivation of the toxic intermediate AFB₁-2,3-epoxide, and especially inactivation through the glutathione (GSH) conjugation of the epoxide. Rainbow trout fed Oregon Test Diet are more sensitive toward AFB₁ hepatocarcinogenesis than coho salmon, or, than trout fed the inhibitors β-naphthoflavone (BNF), 1ndole-3-carbinol (I3C), or Aroclor 1254 (PCB). This study examined the role of AFB1-glutathione (AFB₁-SG) conjugation In these differences. A tritiated AFB₁-glutathione conjugate standard (³H-AFB₁-S6) was produced in vitro using mouse liver S-9 fraction as a source of GSH transferase. It was purified by reverse phase HPLC, and its structure verified by amino acid analysis and mass spectrometry. Coho salmon and rainbow trout fed the various diets were injected i.p. with ³H-AFB₁ (49μCi, 50 μg/ kg fish); bile, liver and kidney were collected at 24 h. Recovery of total aflatoxin radioactivity was determined for all three tissues, and the hepatic AFB₁-DNA binding was also determined. Bile metabolites were quantitated by reverse phase HPLC using the mouse ³H-AFB₁-SG as a standard. The resistance of coho salmon toward AFB₁ carcinogenicity was supported by a 20-fold lower hepatic AFB₁-DNA binding compared to control trout. AFB₁-SG was detected in bile only in control, BNF, and I3C fed trout, at < 1% of total recovered metabolites, and at < 0.2% of the original dose, being highest in control trout. The major conjugates were glucuronides of aflatoxicol (AFL) and aflatoxicol-M₁ (AFL-M₁) (80-902 of the total recovered metabolites). In vitro metabolism studies using isolated liver cell fractions supported the in vivo metabolism results. Less than 0.531 of the original AFB₁ dose was converted to AFB₁-SG conjugate in salmon and trout samples. In contrast, with isolated mouse liver cell fractions approximately 25% of the original AFB₁ dose was conjugated with GSH. The GSH concentration of control trout liver was 2.9 mmol/ kg. Coho salmon had GSH concentration 70% of that found in control trout. In BNF pre-fed trout liver GSH concentration was enhanced by 25% compared to controls. Liver GSH transferase activity using l-chloro-2,4- dlnitrobenzene as substrate was 1.15 μmol/min/mg protein in control trout. This enzyme activity In salmon was only 26% of that found in control trout. A 62% elevation In GSH transferase activity compared to controls was detected in trout fed BNF diet. There is no apparent correlation between liver GSH or GSH transferase activities among the various groups, and their relative sensitivities to AFB₁ carcinogenesis. This study indicates that AFB₁-SG conjugation is not a significant pathway in salmon and trout fed control diets, or trout fed various inhibitors, and cannot account for the variation In AFB₁ sensitivity