Component Trade and China?s Global Economic Integration

China?s engagement in the so-called international fragmentation of production ? namely ?cross-border dispersion of component production/assembly within vertically integrated manufacturing industries? ? has become an increasingly important form of its economic integration into the regional as well as the global economy. The paper presents the recent trend of trade in parts and components between China and its main trading partners. Applying an adjusted gravity modelling method, the paper explores how China?s pattern of trade in parts and components is being determined. The paper found that China?s rapid economic growth, increasing market size and economies of scale, foreign direct investment and infrastructure development including transportation and telecommunications are important factors in explaining China?s rapid increase of bilateral trade in parts and components with its trading partners. The paper also found that the spatial distance and transportation costs have significant negative impacts on China?s trade of parts and components suggesting that the reduction in transportation costs by technological innovation and investment could enhance trade in parts and components, and thereby deepen the process of international specialization involving China and its main trading partners. The paper argues that given the prospects of the rapid growth of the Chinese economy, its current and planned massive investments in R&D and in infrastructure, its continual policies in attracting FDI and its rapid move towards liberalizing its services sectors including its financial sectors, the scope for China and its trading partners to benefit from the process of international fragmentation of production is tremendous.component trade, international fragmentation of production, gravity model

Research Paper No. 2008/101 Component Trade and China’s Global Economic Integration

China’s engagement in the so-called international fragmentation of production – namely ‘cross-border dispersion of component production/assembly within vertically integrated manufacturing industries ’ – has become an increasingly important form of its economic integration into the regional as well as the global economy. The paper presents the recent trend of trade in parts and components between China and its main trading partners. Applying an adjusted gravity modelling method, the paper explores how China’s pattern of trade in parts and components is being determined. The paper found that China’s rapid economic growth, increasing market size and economies of scale, foreign direct investment and infrastructure development including transportation and telecommunications are important factors in explaining China’s rapid increase of bilateral trade in parts and components with its trading partners. The paper also found that the spatial distance and transportation costs have significant negative impacts on China’s trade of parts and components suggesting that the reduction in transportation costs by technological innovation and investment could enhance trade in parts and components, and thereby deepen the process of international specialization involving China and its main trading partners. The paper argues that given the prospects of the rapid growth of the Chinese economy, its current and planned massive investments in R&D and in infrastructure, its continual policies in attracting FDI and its rapid move towards liberalizing its services sectors including its financial sectors, the scope for China and its trading partners to benefit from the process of international fragmentation of production is tremendous

Allocating Limited Resources to Protect a Massive Number of Targets using a Game Theoretic Model

Resource allocation is the process of optimizing the rare resources. In the area of security, how to allocate limited resources to protect a massive number of targets is especially challenging. This paper addresses this resource allocation issue by constructing a game theoretic model. A defender and an attacker are players and the interaction is formulated as a trade-off between protecting targets and consuming resources. The action cost which is a necessary role of consuming resource, is considered in the proposed model. Additionally, a bounded rational behavior model (Quantal Response, QR), which simulates a human attacker of the adversarial nature, is introduced to improve the proposed model. To validate the proposed model, we compare the different utility functions and resource allocation strategies. The comparison results suggest that the proposed resource allocation strategy performs better than others in the perspective of utility and resource effectiveness.Comment: 14 pages, 12 figures, 41 reference

Optimizing microbial- and enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation treatment regimes to improve the performance of recycled aggregate concrete

Recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) typically suffers from inferior properties due to old mortar on the surface of recycled aggregate (RA), and the practical application of two proposed treatment methods, microbial-induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) and enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP), has encountered challenges in determining optimal culture medium and precipitation regimes. This study initially aimed to address these challenges by establishing the feasibility of using chloride-free cultivation medium to avoid introducing chloride ions that could damage the steel reinforcement. The optimal Ca concentration in the precipitation culture medium was determined as 0.3 mol/L for MICP and 0.5 mol/L for EICP. Furthermore, the optimal precipitation regimes for MICP and EICP treatments were identified as I-S (5 cycles) and M-S (3 cycles), respectively. The quantitative evaluation of the above factors enabled the direct practical application of these optimal treatment regimes. The performance of RAC was significantly improved after both MICP and EICP treatments compared to untreated RAC, with EICP treatment demonstrating superior performance. The precipitated CaCO3 formed during MICP treatment consisted mainly of spherical vaterite crystals, while the precipitation formed during EICP treatment comprised vaterite, calcite, and aragonite. These differences in phase and mechanism between MICP and EICP treatments could explain the variations in the performance of RAC.</p

Optimization of Induction Quenching Processes for HSS Roll Based on MMPT Model

To improve the comprehensive performance of high speed steel (HSS) cold rolls, the induction hardening processes were analyzed by numerical simulation and experimental research. Firstly, a modified martensitic phase transformation (MMPT) model of the tested steel under stress constraints was established. Then, the MMPT model was fed into DEFORM to simulate the induction quenching processes of working rolls based on an orthogonal test design and the optimal dual frequency of the induction quenching process was obtained. The results indicate that the depth of the roll’s hardened layer increases by 32.5% and the axial residual tensile stress also becomes acceptable under the optimized process. This study provides guidance for studying phase transformation laws under stress constraints and the optimization of complex processes in an efficient manner

Formability of a HSAS Based on Hot Processing Maps and Texture Analyses

Aiming to improve the formability of a HSAS Docol 1500 Bor, hot processing maps were obtained based on Prasad, Babu and Murty instability criteria. The hot processing maps based on the above instability criteria are similar and the explanation of its similarity is given. Recrystallization and misorientation in typical quenched specimens were observed by using SEM with a EBSD system. It was found that the fraction values of HAGBs in quenched martensite are all below 0.4 under experimental conditions. Flow location bands occurs at lower deformation temperatures and higher strain rates. The textures in martensite mainly include ⟨110⟩ / / ND and ⟨110⟩ / / RD components. Based on N-W OR, the textures in deformed austenite are mostly ⟨111⟩ / / ND and ⟨112⟩ / / RD⟩ components. Prasad and Babu instability criteria are more conservative than Murty instability criterion in obtaining the processing maps of the tested steel. To reduce the anisotropy of quenched workpieces because of the textures at room temperature, the quenching temperature in the stamping process of the tested steel should be lower

Developing a pattern discovery method in time series data and its GPU acceleration

The Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) algorithm is widely used in finding the global alignment of time series. Many time series data mining and analytical problems can be solved by the DTW algorithm. However, using the DTW algorithm to find similar subsequences is computationally expensive or unable to perform accurate analysis. Hence, in the literature, the parallelisation technique is used to speed up the DTW algorithm. However, due to the nature of DTW algorithm, parallelising this algorithm remains an open challenge. In this paper, we first propose a novel method that finds the similar local subsequence. Our algorithm first searches for the possible start positions of subsequence, and then finds the best-matching alignment from these positions. Moreover, we parallelise the proposed algorithm on GPUs using CUDA and further propose an optimisation technique to improve the performance of our parallelization implementation on GPU. We conducted the extensive experiments to evaluate the proposed method. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is able to discover time series subsequences efficiently and that the proposed GPU-based parallelization technique can further speedup the processing

Study on the mechanisms of refracturing technology featuring temporary plug for fracturing fluid diversion in tight sandstone reservoirs

Well production rates in unconventional plays usually decline dramatically in the first year. Refracturing, which is a remedial production operation, is often done because original hydraulic fracturing failed to contribute any significant amount of flow or significant unfractured pay exists in the well. In order to maximize the fracturing fluid contact with the intact rock and to stimulate more reservoir volume in previously stimulated wells, a refracturing technology featuring a novel temporary plugging for fluid diversion is developed to enable the fracturing fluid to reach the untouched areas and to create reoriented fractures. In this paper, laboratory physical simulation tests of refracturing using fiber for effective temporary plugging is carried out to study the refracture morphology and the influencing factors of refractures. Results show that the refracture morphology is affected by the horizontal stress difference, the injection rate of initial fracturing fluid, and the natural fractures. Under condition of the different horizontal stress differences, the fracture initiation and orientation angle are different. When the horizontal stress difference is small, it is easy to form large angle fractures. The injection rate of initial fracturing fluid affects the length of initial fractures and refractures. The smaller the initial fracturing fluid injection rate is, the better the effect of temporary plugging in refracturing. The presence of natural fractures will lead to reorientation of refractures to form a complex fracture network. This study provides a theoretical guidance and technology support for refracturing operations