33 research outputs found
New paradigmatic orientations and research agenda of human factors science in the intelligence era
Our recent research shows that the design philosophy of human factors science
in the intelligence age is expanding from "user-centered design" to
"human-centered AI". The human-machine relationship presents a trans-era
evolution from "human-machine interaction" to "human-machine/AI teaming". These
changes have raised new questions and challenges for human factors science. The
interdisciplinary field of human factors science includes any work that adopts
a human-centered approach, such as human factors, ergonomics, engineering
psychology, and human-computer interaction. These changes compel us to
re-examine current human factors science's paradigms and research agenda.
Existing research paradigms are primarily based on non-intelligent
technologies. In this context, this paper reviews the evolution of the
paradigms of human factors science. It summarizes the new conceptual models and
frameworks we recently proposed to enrich the research paradigms for human
factors science, including a human-AI teaming model, a human-AI joint cognitive
ecosystem framework, and an intelligent sociotechnical systems framework. This
paper further enhances these concepts and looks forward to the application of
these concepts. This paper also looks forward to the future research agenda of
human factors science in the areas of "human-AI interaction", "intelligent
human-machine interface", and "human-AI teaming". It analyzes the role of the
research paradigms on the future research agenda. We believe that the research
paradigms and agenda of human factors science influence and promote each other.
Human factors science in the intelligence age needs diversified and innovative
research paradigms, thereby further promoting the research and application of
human factors science.Comment: 26 pages, in Chinese languag
Two faces of the other-race effect: Recognition and categorisation of Caucasian and Chinese faces
The other-race effect is a collection of phenomena whereby faces of one's own race are processed differently from those of other races. Previous studies have revealed a paradoxical mirror pattern of an own-race advantage in face recognition and an other-race advantage in race-based categorisation. With a well-controlled design, we compared recognition and categorisation of own-race and other-race faces in both Caucasian and Chinese participants. Compared with own-race faces, other-race faces were less accurately and more slowly recognised, whereas they were more rapidly categorised by race. The mirror pattern was confirmed by a unique negative correlation between the two effects in terms of reaction time with a hierarchical regression analysis. This finding suggests an antagonistic interaction between the processing of face identity and that of face category, and a common underlying processing mechanism
Culture Shapes Efficiency of Facial Age Judgments
Background: Cultural differences in socialization can lead to characteristic differences in how we perceive the world. Consistent with this influence of differential experience, our perception of faces (e.g., preference, recognition ability) is shaped by our previous experience with different groups of individuals. Methodology/Principal Findings: Here, we examined whether cultural differences in social practices influence our perception of faces. Japanese, Chinese, and Asian-Canadian young adults made relative age judgments (i.e., which of these two faces is older?) for East Asian faces. Cross-cultural differences in the emphasis on respect for older individuals was reflected in participants â latency in facial age judgments for middle-age adult facesâwith the Japanese young adults performing the fastest, followed by the Chinese, then the Asian-Canadians. In addition, consistent with the differential behavioural and linguistic markers used in the Japanese culture when interacting with individuals younger than oneself, only the Japanese young adults showed an advantage in judging the relative age of childrenâs faces. Conclusions/Significance: Our results show that different sociocultural practices shape our efficiency in processing facia
Three-month-olds, but not newborns, prefer own-race faces
Adults are sensitive to the physical differences that define ethnic groups. However, the age at which we become sensitive to ethnic
differences is currently unclear. Our study aimed to clarify this by testing newborns and young infants for sensitivity to ethnicity
using a visual preference (VP) paradigm. While newborn infants demonstrated no spontaneous preference for faces from either
their own- or other-ethnic groups, 3-month-old infants demonstrated a significant preference for faces from their own-ethnic
group. These results suggest that preferential selectivity based on ethnic differences is not present in the first days of life, but is
learned within the first 3 months of life. The findings imply that adultsâ perceptions of ethnic differences are learned and derived
from differences in exposure to own- versus other-race faces during early developmen
Cross-Race Preferences for Same-Race Faces Extend Beyond the African Versus Caucasian Contrast in 3-Month-Old Infants
A visual preference procedure was used to examine preferences among faces of
different races and ethnicities (African, Asian, Caucasian, and Middle Eastern) in
Chinese 3-month-old infants exposed only to Chinese faces. The infants demonstrated
a preference for faces from their own ethnic group. Alongside previous
results showing that Caucasian infants exposed only to Caucasian faces prefer
same-race faces (Kelly et al., 2005) and that Caucasian and African infants exposed
only to native faces prefer the same over the other-race faces (Bar-Haim, Ziv, Lamy, &
Hodes, 2006), the findings reported here (a) extend the same-race preference
observed in young infants to a new race of infants (Chinese), and (b) show that
cross-race preferences for same-race faces extend beyond the perceptually robust
contrast between African and Caucasian faces
An inner face advantage in childrenâs recognition of familiar peers
Childrenâs recognition of familiar own-age peers was investigated. Chinese children (4-, 8-, and 14-year-olds) were asked to identify their classmates from photographs showing the entire face, the internal facial features only, the external facial features only, or the eyes, nose, or mouth only. Participants from all age groups were familiar with the faces used as stimuli for 1 academic year. The results showed that children from all age groups demonstrated an advantage for recognition of the internal facial features relative to their recognition of the external facial features. Thus, previous observations of a shift in reliance from external to internal facial features can be attributed to experience with faces rather than to age-related changes in face processing
Providing depth information in the display for pursuit and compensatory tracking and optimization in 3âD space
Objective The formats of tracking displays exert important influences on tracking performance. Few previous studies explored the 3âD tracking display formats. The present study aimed to construct the 3âD formats for the manual pursuit and compensatory tracking displays by adding the depth information. Based on the results of tracking performance, we further optimized the preferable tracking format. Method Three experiments were conducted. Experiment 1 was a confirmatory experiment to compare the effects of the two display formats on 2âD manual tracking performance with previous studies. Experiment 2 extended the investigation to a 3âD display by adding a depth cue indicating the relative size of the control marker and target. Experiment 3 was an optimisation experiment in which an improved 3âD tracking display was modified, i.e., an extra depth cue was complemented to clearly signify the relative position of the target and the control marker. Results Pursuit tracking performance was better than compensatory tracking performance in both 2âD (Experiment 1) and 3âD space (Experiment 2). It also found that the extra depth cue significantly improved the tracking success rate and the subjective satisfaction of the pursuit display format in 3âD space (Experiment 3). Conclusions These findings indicated that the depth cues could be used in tracking display in 3âD space and have important implications for the design of some motor training and tracking systems
The applicability of eyeâcontrolled highlighting to the field of visual searching
Objective With the increasing amount of information presented on current humanâcomputer interfaces, eyeâcontrolled highlighting has been proposed, as a new display technique, to optimise usersâ task performances. However, it is unknown to what extent the eyeâcontrolled highlighting display facilitates visual search performance. The current study examined the facilitative effect of eyeâcontrolled highlighting display technique on visual search with two major attributes of visual stimuli: stimulus type and the visual similarity between targets and distractors. Method In Experiment 1, we used digits and Chinese words as materials to explore the generalisation of the facilitative effect of the eyeâcontrolled highlighting. In Experiment 2, we used Chinese words to examine the effect of targetâdistractor similarity on the facilitation of eyeâcontrolled highlighting display. Results The eyeâcontrolling highlighting display improved visual search performance when words were used as searching target and when the targetâdistractor similarity was high. No facilitative effect was found when digits were used as searching target or targetâdistractor similarity was low. Conclusions The effectiveness of the eyeâcontrolled highlighting on a visual task was influenced by both stimulus type and targetâdistractor similarity. These findings provided guidelines for modern interface design with eyeâbased displays implemented