27 research outputs found
New paradigmatic orientations and research agenda of human factors science in the intelligence era
Our recent research shows that the design philosophy of human factors science
in the intelligence age is expanding from "user-centered design" to
"human-centered AI". The human-machine relationship presents a trans-era
evolution from "human-machine interaction" to "human-machine/AI teaming". These
changes have raised new questions and challenges for human factors science. The
interdisciplinary field of human factors science includes any work that adopts
a human-centered approach, such as human factors, ergonomics, engineering
psychology, and human-computer interaction. These changes compel us to
re-examine current human factors science's paradigms and research agenda.
Existing research paradigms are primarily based on non-intelligent
technologies. In this context, this paper reviews the evolution of the
paradigms of human factors science. It summarizes the new conceptual models and
frameworks we recently proposed to enrich the research paradigms for human
factors science, including a human-AI teaming model, a human-AI joint cognitive
ecosystem framework, and an intelligent sociotechnical systems framework. This
paper further enhances these concepts and looks forward to the application of
these concepts. This paper also looks forward to the future research agenda of
human factors science in the areas of "human-AI interaction", "intelligent
human-machine interface", and "human-AI teaming". It analyzes the role of the
research paradigms on the future research agenda. We believe that the research
paradigms and agenda of human factors science influence and promote each other.
Human factors science in the intelligence age needs diversified and innovative
research paradigms, thereby further promoting the research and application of
human factors science.Comment: 26 pages, in Chinese languag
Two faces of the other-race effect: Recognition and categorisation of Caucasian and Chinese faces
The other-race effect is a collection of phenomena whereby faces of one's own race are processed differently from those of other races. Previous studies have revealed a paradoxical mirror pattern of an own-race advantage in face recognition and an other-race advantage in race-based categorisation. With a well-controlled design, we compared recognition and categorisation of own-race and other-race faces in both Caucasian and Chinese participants. Compared with own-race faces, other-race faces were less accurately and more slowly recognised, whereas they were more rapidly categorised by race. The mirror pattern was confirmed by a unique negative correlation between the two effects in terms of reaction time with a hierarchical regression analysis. This finding suggests an antagonistic interaction between the processing of face identity and that of face category, and a common underlying processing mechanism
Culture Shapes Efficiency of Facial Age Judgments
Background: Cultural differences in socialization can lead to characteristic differences in how we perceive the world. Consistent with this influence of differential experience, our perception of faces (e.g., preference, recognition ability) is shaped by our previous experience with different groups of individuals. Methodology/Principal Findings: Here, we examined whether cultural differences in social practices influence our perception of faces. Japanese, Chinese, and Asian-Canadian young adults made relative age judgments (i.e., which of these two faces is older?) for East Asian faces. Cross-cultural differences in the emphasis on respect for older individuals was reflected in participants ’ latency in facial age judgments for middle-age adult faces—with the Japanese young adults performing the fastest, followed by the Chinese, then the Asian-Canadians. In addition, consistent with the differential behavioural and linguistic markers used in the Japanese culture when interacting with individuals younger than oneself, only the Japanese young adults showed an advantage in judging the relative age of children’s faces. Conclusions/Significance: Our results show that different sociocultural practices shape our efficiency in processing facia
Three-month-olds, but not newborns, prefer own-race faces
Adults are sensitive to the physical differences that define ethnic groups. However, the age at which we become sensitive to ethnic
differences is currently unclear. Our study aimed to clarify this by testing newborns and young infants for sensitivity to ethnicity
using a visual preference (VP) paradigm. While newborn infants demonstrated no spontaneous preference for faces from either
their own- or other-ethnic groups, 3-month-old infants demonstrated a significant preference for faces from their own-ethnic
group. These results suggest that preferential selectivity based on ethnic differences is not present in the first days of life, but is
learned within the first 3 months of life. The findings imply that adults’ perceptions of ethnic differences are learned and derived
from differences in exposure to own- versus other-race faces during early developmen
An inner face advantage in children’s recognition of familiar peers
Children’s recognition of familiar own-age peers was investigated. Chinese children (4-, 8-, and 14-year-olds) were asked to identify their classmates from photographs showing the entire face, the internal facial features only, the external facial features only, or the eyes, nose, or mouth only. Participants from all age groups were familiar with the faces used as stimuli for 1 academic year. The results showed that children from all age groups demonstrated an advantage for recognition of the internal facial features relative to their recognition of the external facial features. Thus, previous observations of a shift in reliance from external to internal facial features can be attributed to experience with faces rather than to age-related changes in face processing
Providing depth information in the display for pursuit and compensatory tracking and optimization in 3‐D space
Objective The formats of tracking displays exert important influences on tracking performance. Few previous studies explored the 3‐D tracking display formats. The present study aimed to construct the 3‐D formats for the manual pursuit and compensatory tracking displays by adding the depth information. Based on the results of tracking performance, we further optimized the preferable tracking format. Method Three experiments were conducted. Experiment 1 was a confirmatory experiment to compare the effects of the two display formats on 2‐D manual tracking performance with previous studies. Experiment 2 extended the investigation to a 3‐D display by adding a depth cue indicating the relative size of the control marker and target. Experiment 3 was an optimisation experiment in which an improved 3‐D tracking display was modified, i.e., an extra depth cue was complemented to clearly signify the relative position of the target and the control marker. Results Pursuit tracking performance was better than compensatory tracking performance in both 2‐D (Experiment 1) and 3‐D space (Experiment 2). It also found that the extra depth cue significantly improved the tracking success rate and the subjective satisfaction of the pursuit display format in 3‐D space (Experiment 3). Conclusions These findings indicated that the depth cues could be used in tracking display in 3‐D space and have important implications for the design of some motor training and tracking systems
Eye tracking reveals a crucial role for facial motion in recognition of faces by infants.
International audienceCurrent knowledge about face processing in infancy comes largely from studies using static face stimuli, but faces that infants see in the real world are mostly moving ones. To bridge this gap, 3-, 6-, and 9-month-old Asian infants (N ! 118) were familiarized with either moving or static Asian female faces, and then their face recognition was tested with static face images. Eye-tracking methodology was used to record eye movements during the familiarization and test phases. The results showed a developmental change in eye movement patterns, but only for the moving faces. In addition, the more infants shifted their fixations across facial regions, the better their face recognition was, but only for the moving faces. The results suggest that facial movement influences the way faces are encoded from early in development