Studi Efek Elektrokromik Pada Film Polianilin

Study on Electrochromic Effect of Polyaniline Film. The light transmission factor of an electrochromic film changesreversibly with the application of an electrical voltage. Thereby the transparent film becomes reversibly opaque so thatit may be used to control light transmission. In this paper the results of a study on polyaniline film as an electrochromicactive material is reported. Polyaniline looks yellow transparent in the reduced state and turns to green-blue at itsoxidized state. The electrochromic device considered in this paper was fabricated in planar configuration of ITO glass- polyaniline film - electrolyte - ITO glass which involved 1.0M H2SO4 solution. The measurement of the currentdensity yields voltamograms for several values of the rate of voltage change, while the optical characteristics weremeasured with ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. To inspect the light control properties, the intensity of solar radiationpropagating through the device was derived. It is found that in its reduced state, the device transmits 70% of theincoming radiation, while in the oxidized state only 11% of the radiation is left. The result of recycling test indicatedthat film is stable over 5,000 cycles

STUDI EFEK ELEKTROKROMIK PADA FILM POLIANILIN

Study on Electrochromic Effect of Polyaniline Film. The light transmission factor of an electrochromic film changesreversibly with the application of an electrical voltage. Thereby the transparent film becomes reversibly opaque so thatit may be used to control light transmission. In this paper the results of a study on polyaniline film as an electrochromicactive material is reported. Polyaniline looks yellow transparent in the reduced state and turns to green-blue at itsoxidized state. The electrochromic device considered in this paper was fabricated in planar configuration of ITO glass- polyaniline film - electrolyte - ITO glass which involved 1.0M H2SO4 solution. The measurement of the currentdensity yields voltamograms for several values of the rate of voltage change, while the optical characteristics weremeasured with ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. To inspect the light control properties, the intensity of solar radiationpropagating through the device was derived. It is found that in its reduced state, the device transmits 70% of theincoming radiation, while in the oxidized state only 11% of the radiation is left. The result of recycling test indicatedthat film is stable over 5,000 cycles.Keywords: polyaniline film, electrochromic effect, smart window, solar radiation

Mekanisme Teoritis Pembentukan Senyawa Siklik Hidrokarbon dari Reaksi C4H5 dan C4H2

Acetylene and polyyne are intermediates in the formation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and soot in combustion or pyrolysis. PAH formation from acetylene is known as the most adopted pathway because it has a low reaction energy. Another mechanism for the formation of PAH is a mechanism that involves polyyne or known as a radical pathway, proposed by Krestinin. This pathway involves the reaction of alkyne + alkenes which results in the addition of radical sites to the molecular structure. In this study, the two reaction mechanisms will be compared. Electronic features and energy requirements of the reaction process will be evaluated using molecular computational studies based on electron density (DFT). In combustion conditions (high temperature), the formation of radical sites requires relatively little energy, with a range of 2-5 kcal/mol. This is very different when compared to the energy profile for the same reaction at room temperature. From this study, it can be concluded that the mechanism of radical growth has the potential to occur in combustion reactions.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, radical growth, combustion, polyyne

Calcium soap from palm fatty acid distillate for ruminant feed: Calcium oxide particles size

High production of crude palm oil has led Indonesia to become one of the countries that have a large number of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) in the world. As a source of fatty acid, PFAD has wide range of uses, including as a fat supplement in the ruminant feed when reacted with a calcium source such as calcium oxide (CaO). At the working temperature above PFAD’s melting point, those reactants form a homogeneous phase with the help of intensive stirring. By the presence of a small amount of water, the mixture will be saponified and become the calcium soap. This research studied how different particles sizes of CaO could influence the reaction conversions based on the acid value of the product. The CaO solid particles were sieved and separated into the different fraction of sizes (<177 μm, 177-320 μm, and 320-640 μm). Smaller particle resulted in a lower acid value which indicates a high conversion of free fatty acid and lower moisture content which is preferable for the product

Study on Electrochromic Effect of Polyaniline Film

The light transmission factor of an electrochromic film changes reversibly with the application of an electrical voltage. Thereby the transparent film becomes reversibly opaque so that it may be used to control light transmission. In this paper the results of a study on polyaniline film as an electrochromic active material is reported. Polyaniline looks yellow transparent in the reduced state and turns to green-blue at its oxidized state. The electrochromic device considered in this paper was fabricated in planar configuration of ITO glass - polyaniline film - electrolyte - ITO glass which involved 1.0M H2SO4 solution. The measurement of the current density yields voltamograms for several values of the rate of voltage change, while the optical&nbsp; characteristics were measured with ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. To inspect the light control properties, the intensity of solar radiation propagating through the device was derived. It is found that in its reduced state, the device transmits 70% of the incoming radiation, while in the oxidized state only 11% of the radiation is left. The result of recycling test indicated that film is stable over 5,000 cycles.<br

Calcium soap from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) for ruminant feed: quality of calcium source

Calcium soap is potentially used as fat supplements for ruminants since it contains high concentration of fat and calcium that are useful for ruminants. The consumption of calcium soap may increase the yield and the fat content of milk, as well as increase the ruminant’s fertility. Calcium soap can be produced from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), which is a by-product of crude palm oil (CPO) refining process, and calcium oxide (CaO). In this study, the effect of CaO quality on the acid value of the product has been observed. It was found that the reaction with lower concentration of active calcium of CaO resulted in products with a higher acid value, which indicates a lower reaction conversion. Thus, the produced calcium soap requires further treatment in order to remove the unreacted calcium and free fatty acid. Washing with hexane followed by either vacuum or convection drying has been found to be able to reduce the acid value of the product significantly

Calcium soap from palm fatty acid distillate for ruminant feed: Calcium oxide particles size

High production of crude palm oil has led Indonesia to become one of the countries that have a large number of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) in the world. As a source of fatty acid, PFAD has wide range of uses, including as a fat supplement in the ruminant feed when reacted with a calcium source such as calcium oxide (CaO). At the working temperature above PFAD’s melting point, those reactants form a homogeneous phase with the help of intensive stirring. By the presence of a small amount of water, the mixture will be saponified and become the calcium soap. This research studied how different particles sizes of CaO could influence the reaction conversions based on the acid value of the product. The CaO solid particles were sieved and separated into the different fraction of sizes (<177 μm, 177-320 μm, and 320-640 μm). Smaller particle resulted in a lower acid value which indicates a high conversion of free fatty acid and lower moisture content which is preferable for the product

Calcium soap from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) for ruminant feed: quality of calcium source

Calcium soap is potentially used as fat supplements for ruminants since it contains high concentration of fat and calcium that are useful for ruminants. The consumption of calcium soap may increase the yield and the fat content of milk, as well as increase the ruminant’s fertility. Calcium soap can be produced from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), which is a by-product of crude palm oil (CPO) refining process, and calcium oxide (CaO). In this study, the effect of CaO quality on the acid value of the product has been observed. It was found that the reaction with lower concentration of active calcium of CaO resulted in products with a higher acid value, which indicates a lower reaction conversion. Thus, the produced calcium soap requires further treatment in order to remove the unreacted calcium and free fatty acid. Washing with hexane followed by either vacuum or convection drying has been found to be able to reduce the acid value of the product significantly