Инновационные Подходы к Энергоресурсосбережению и Применению Возобновляемых Источников Энергии с Целью Сокращения Издержек Агропромышленных Предприятий

This article is devoted to the relevant problem of development of innovative approaches to energy saving and the use of renewable energy sources in order to reduce the costs of agro-industrial enterprises. It is concluded that promising directions for achieving sustainable development of agro-industrial enterprises include minimizing costs, synergistic approach to the combination of natural and economic resources, maintaining balance among economic, ecological and social factors, innovative competitiveness, and long-term focus. On the basis of the materials described in the article, it is considered necessary to formulate the main conclusions:  • the efficiency of the activity of economic entities (including agro-industrial and agricultural producers) depends on the presence of innovative approaches to their management. At present, innovative technologies should be considered not only as a source of competitive advantages, but also as a tool to reduce costs in production, logistics, marketing, and other business processes;• renewable energy, which is based on modern high-tech technologies of the transformation of primary energy into energy sources, can become one of the key directions of costs optimization of agro-industrial and agricultural producers; this is confirmed by the practice and statistics obtained in the studies of the agro-industrial sector of the European Union, Asia, Eurasia, and Latin America;• for the Russian agro-industrial sector, the task of reducing costs is particularly acute, as the level of expenditures on energy supply is steadily increasing, which affects not only the profitability of business, but also its competitiveness. A sectoral energy model based on a combination of conventional and renewable energy sources has been developed to tackle this problem;the transition to renewable energy in the agro-industrial sector should be accompanied by energy audit and implementation of power management systems. This will determine the rational combination of energy resources used to ensure the normal functioning and sustainable developmentEste artículo está dedicado al problema relevante del desarrollo de enfoques innovadores para el ahorro de energía y el uso de fuentes de energía renovables con el fin de reducir los costos de las empresas agroindustriales. Se concluye que las direcciones prometedoras para lograr el desarrollo sostenible de las empresas agroindustriales incluyen minimizar los costos, un enfoque sinérgico de la combinación de recursos naturales y económicos, mantener el equilibrio entre los factores económicos, ecológicos y sociales, la competitividad innovadora y el enfoque a largo plazo. Sobre la base de los materiales descritos en el artículo, se considera necesario formular las principales conclusiones: • La eficiencia de la actividad de las entidades económicas (incluidos los productores agroindustriales y agrícolas) depende de la presencia de enfoques innovadores para su gestión. En la actualidad, las tecnologías innovadoras deben considerarse no solo como una fuente de ventajas competitivas, sino también como una herramienta para reducir los costos en producción, logística, mercadeo y otros procesos comerciales;• La energía renovable, que se basa en tecnologías modernas de alta tecnología para la transformación de la energía primaria en fuentes de energía, puede convertirse en una de las direcciones clave de la optimización de costos de los productores agroindustriales y agrícolas; Esto se confirma por la práctica y las estadísticas obtenidas en los estudios del sector agroindustrial de la Unión Europea, Asia, Eurasia y América Latina;• Para el sector agroindustrial ruso, la tarea de reducir costos es particularmente aguda, ya que el nivel de gastos en suministro de energía aumenta constantemente, lo que afecta no solo la rentabilidad de las empresas, sino también su competitividad. Se ha desarrollado un modelo de energía sectorial basado en una combinación de fuentes de energía convencionales y renovables para abordar este problema;La transición a la energía renovable en el sector agroindustrial debe ir acompañada de una auditoría energética y la implementación de sistemas de administración de energía. Esto determinará la combinación racional de los recursos energéticos utilizados para garantizar el funcionamiento normal y el desarrollo sostenible de los productores agroindustriales y agrícolas.Данная статья посвящена актуальной проблеме разработки инновационных подходов к энергоресурсосбережению и применению возобновляемых источников энергии с целью сокращения издержек агропромышленных предприятий. Сделан вывод, что перспективные направления достижения устойчивого развития агропромышленных предприятий включают в себя минимизацию издержек, синергический подход к сочетанию природных и экономических ресурсов, поддержание баланса между экономическими, экологическими и социальными факторами, инновационную конкурентоспособность и ориентированность на долгосрочную перспективу. На основании изложенных в статье материалов авторы считают необходимым сформулировать основные выводы:• эффективность деятельности хозяйствующих субъектов (в том числе агропромышленных и сельскохозяйственных производителей) зависит от наличия инновационных подходов к управлению ими. В настоящее время инновационные технологии следует считать не только источником получения конкурентных преимуществ, но и инструментом, позволяющим снизить уровень издержек в производственных, логистических, маркетинговых и прочих бизнес-процессах;• возобновляемая энергетика, которая основана на современных наукоемких технологиях преобразования первичной энергии в энергоресурсы, может стать одним из ключевых направлений оптимизации издержек агропромышленных и сельскохозяйственных производителей, это подтверждает практика и статистика, полученная в ходе исследований агропромышленного сектора стран Европейского Союза, Азии, Евразии, Латинской Америки;• для российского агропромышленного сектора задача снижения издержек стоит особенно остро, поскольку уровень расходов на энергоснабжение неуклонно возрастает, что влияет не только на доходность бизнеса, но и на его конкурентоспособность. Для решения этой проблемы разработана отраслевая энергетическая модель, основанная на сочетании традиционных и возобновляемых источников энергии;• переход на возобновляемую энергетику в агропромышленном секторе должен сопровождаться энергетическим аудитом и внедрением систем энергоменеджмента. Это позволит определить рациональное сочетание энергоносителей, используемых для обеспечения нормального функционирования и устойчивого развития агропромышленных и сельскохозяйственных производителей

Effect of <i>ipt</i> Gene Induction in Transgenic Tobacco Plants on Hydraulic Conductance, Formation of Apoplastic Barriers and Aquaporin Activity under Heat Shock

Cytokinins are known to keep stomata open, which supports gas exchange and correlates with increased photosynthesis. However, keeping the stomata open can be detrimental if the increased transpiration is not compensated for by water supply to the shoots. In this study, we traced the effect of ipt (isopentenyl transferase) gene induction, which increases the concentration of cytokinins in transgenic tobacco plants, on transpiration and hydraulic conductivity. Since water flow depends on the conductivity of the apoplast, the deposition of lignin and suberin in the apoplast was studied by staining with berberine. The effect of an increased concentration of cytokinins on the flow of water through aquaporins (AQPs) was revealed by inhibition of AQPs with HgCl2. It was shown that an elevated concentration of cytokinins in ipt-transgenic plants increases hydraulic conductivity by enhancing the activity of aquaporins and reducing the formation of apoplastic barriers. The simultaneous effect of cytokinins on both stomatal and hydraulic conductivity makes it possible to coordinate the evaporation of water from leaves and its flow from roots to leaves, thereby maintaining the water balance and leaf hydration

Association of Barley Root Elongation with ABA-Dependent Transport of Cytokinins from Roots and Shoots under Supra-Optimal Concentrations of Nitrates and Phosphates

Changes in root elongation are important for the acquisition of mineral nutrients by plants. Plant hormones, cytokinins, and abscisic acid (ABA) and their interaction are important for the control of root elongation under changes in the availability of ions. However, their role in growth responses to supra-optimal concentrations of nitrates and phosphates has not been sufficiently studied and was addressed in the present research. Effects of supra-optimal concentrations of these ions on root elongation and distribution of cytokinins between roots and shoots were studied in ABA-deficient barley mutant Az34 and its parental variety, Steptoe. Cytokinin concentration in the cells of the growing root tips was analyzed with the help of an immunohistochemical technique. Increased concentrations of nitrates and phosphates led to the accumulation of ABA and cytokinins in the root tips, accompanied by a decline in shoot cytokinin content and inhibition of root elongation in Steptoe. Neither of the effects were detected in Az34, suggesting the importance of the ability of plants to accumulate ABA for the control of these responses. Since cytokinins are known to inhibit root elongation, the effect of supra-optimal concentration of nitrates and phosphates on root growth is likely to be due to the accumulation of cytokinins brought about by ABA-induced inhibition of cytokinin transport from roots to shoots

The Growth-Inhibitory Effect of Increased Planting Density Can Be Reduced by Abscisic Acid-Degrading Bacteria

High-density planting can increase crop productivity per unit area of cultivated land. However, the application of this technology is limited by the inhibition of plant growth in the presence of neighbors, which is not only due to their competition for resources but is also caused by growth regulators. Specifically, the abscisic acid (ABA) accumulated in plants under increased density of planting has been shown to inhibit their growth. The goal of the present study was to test the hypothesis that bacteria capable of degrading ABA can reduce the growth inhibitory effect of competition among plants by reducing concentration of this hormone in plants and their environment. Lettuce plants were grown both individually and three per pot; the rhizosphere was inoculated with a strain of Pseudomonas plecoglossicida 2.4-D capable of degrading ABA. Plant growth was recorded in parallel with immunoassaying ABA concentration in the pots and plants. The presence of neighbors indeed inhibited the growth of non-inoculated lettuce plants. Bacterial inoculation positively affected the growth of grouped plants, reducing the negative effects of competition. The bacteria-induced increase in the mass of competing plants was greater than that in the single ones. ABA concentration was increased by the presence of neighbors both in soil and plant shoots associated with the inhibition of plant growth, but accumulation of this hormone as well as inhibition of the growth of grouped plants was prevented by bacteria. The results confirm the role of ABA in the response of plants to the presence of competitors as well as the possibility of reducing the negative effect of competition on plant productivity with the help of bacteria capable of degrading this hormone

Secondary Active Transporters Decrease Cytokinin Flow into Barley Shoots and Inhibit their Growth under Phosphate Deficit

Исследование посвящено изучению роли вторично активного транспорта как одного из важных механизмов перераспределения цитокининов между побегом и корнем, обеспечивающего приспособительную к дефициту фосфора ростовую реакцию растений ячменя. Определяли концентрацию (нг/г сырой массы) и содержание (нг в целом органе) разных форм цитокининов в побегах и корнях растений ячменя методом иммуноферментного анализа (ИФА). Показано, что при дефиците фосфора поддержание массы корней, подавление их ветвления и снижение массы побегов растений ячменя сорта Прерия были обусловлены снижением концентрации цитокининов в побеге и повышением их содержания в корнях. Применение ингибитора вторично активного транспорта протонофора карбонилцианид-м- хлорфенилгидразона нивелировало гормональную реакцию на дефицит фосфора: предотвращало накопление цитокининов в корне и повышало их содержание в побеге, а также изменяло долю зеатина и его производных в суммарном содержании цитокининов в побегах и корнях. Анализ этих данных показал, что в корнях содержание зеатиннуклеотида и зеатинрибозида изменялось незначительно, в то время как максимально снижалось содержание зеатина, на поглощение которого клетками корней протонофор оказывал существенное влияние в отличие от рибозида. В работе обсуждается важная роль вторично активного трансмембранного переноса в регуляции транспорта цитокининов из корней в побеги при дефиците фосфатовSecondary active transport is one of the most important mechanisms controlling cytokinin distribution between shoots and roots which enables the adaptive growth reaction of barley. Concentrations (ng/g of fresh mass) and contents (ng/organ) of different forms of cytokinins were determined in shoots and roots of barley plants by immunoassay. It was shown that under phosphate deficit the maintenance of root growth, inhibition of root branching and decline in shoot mass of barley plants (Hordeum vulgare 'Prairie') was due to decline in shoot cytokinins and their accumulation in the roots. Protonophore carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone as an inhibitor of secondary active transport leveled off hormonal reaction to phosphate deficit: it prevented accumulation of cytokinins in roots, increased their content in shoots and changed the percentage of zeatin and its derivatives in total cytokinin content in roots and shoots. A data analysis showed that in roots, protonophore did not change significantly the content of ribosides and nucleotides of zeatin, while uptake of free zeatin by cells was significantly affected by the protonophore and its content decreased dramatically. The role of secondary active trans-membrane transfer is discussed in the context of cytokinins transport from roots to shoots under phosphate defici

Effect of Low Light Stress on Distribution of Auxin (Indole-3-acetic Acid) between Shoot and Roots and Development of Lateral Roots in Barley Plants

Depending on their habitat conditions, plants can greatly change the growth rate of their roots. However, the mechanisms of such responses remain insufficiently clear. The influence of a low level of illumination on the content of endogenous auxins, their localization in leaves and transport from shoots to roots were studied and related to the lateral root branching of barley plants. Following two days’ reduction in illumination, a 10-fold reduction in the emergence of lateral roots was found. Auxin (IAA, indole-3-acetic acid) content decreased by 84% in roots and by 30% in shoots, and immunolocalization revealed lowered IAA levels in phloem cells of leaf sections. The reduced content of IAA found in the plants under low light suggests an inhibition of production of this hormone under these conditions. At the same time, two-fold downregulation of the LAX3 gene expression, facilitating IAA influx into the cells, was detected in the roots, as well as a decline in auxin diffusion from shoots through the phloem by about 60%. It was suggested that the reduced emergence of lateral roots in barley under a low level of illumination was due to a disturbance of auxin transport through the phloem and down-regulation of the genes responsible for auxin transport in plant roots. The results confirm the importance of the long distance transport of auxins for the control of the growth of roots under conditions of low light. Further study of the mechanisms that control the transport of auxins from shoots to roots in other plant species is required

Effect of Salinity on Stomatal Conductance, Leaf Hydraulic Conductance, HvPIP2 Aquaporin, and Abscisic Acid Abundance in Barley Leaf Cells

The stomatal closure of salt-stressed plants reduces transpiration bringing about the maintenance of plant tissue hydration. The aim of this work was to test for any involvement of aquaporins (AQPs) in stomatal closure under salinity. The changes in the level of aquaporins in the cells were detected with the help of an immunohistochemical technique using antibodies against HvPIP2;2. In parallel, leaf sections were stained for abscisic acid (ABA). The effects of salinity were compared to those of exogenously applied ABA on leaf HvPIP2;2 levels and the stomatal and leaf hydraulic conductance of barley plants. Salinity reduced the abundance of HvPIP2;2 in the cells of the mestome sheath due to it being the more likely hydraulic barrier due to the deposition of lignin, accompanied by a decline in the hydraulic conductivity, transpiration, and ABA accumulation. The effects of exogenous ABA differed from those of salinity. This hormone decreased transpiration but increased the shoot hydraulic conductivity and PIP2;2 abundance. The difference in the action of the exogenous hormone and salinity may be related to the difference in the ABA distribution between leaf cells, with the hormone accumulating mainly in the mesophyll of salt-stressed plants and in the cells of the bundle sheaths of ABA-treated plants. The obtained results suggest the following succession of events: salinity decreases water flow into the shoots due to the decreased abundance of PIP2;2 and hydraulic conductance, while the decline in leaf hydration leads to the production of ABA in the leaves and stomatal closure

Influence of Hydrocarbon-Oxidizing Bacteria on the Growth, Biochemical Characteristics, and Hormonal Status of Barley Plants and the Content of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in the Soil

Much attention is paid to the relationship between bacteria and plants in the process of the bioremediation of oil-contaminated soils, but the effect of petroleum degrading bacteria that synthesize phytohormones on the content and distribution of these compounds in plants is poorly studied. The goal of the present field experiment was to study the effects of hydrocarbon-oxidizing bacteria that produce auxins on the growth, biochemical characteristics, and hormonal status of barley plants in the presence of oil, as well as assessing the effect of bacteria and plants separately and in association with the content of oil hydrocarbons in the soil. The treatment of plants with strains of Enterobacter sp. UOM 3 and Pseudomonas hunanensis IB C7 led to an increase in the length and mass of roots and shoots and the leaf surface index, and an improvement in some parameters of the elements of the crop structure, which were suppressed by the pollutant. The most noticeable effect of bacteria on the plant hormonal system was a decrease in the accumulation of abscisic acid. The data obtained indicate that the introduction of microorganisms weakened the negative effects on plants under abiotic stress caused by the presence of oil. Plant-bacteria associations were more effective in reducing the content of hydrocarbons in the soil and increasing its microbiological activity than when either organism was used individually