Socio-economic status as an environmental factor – incidence of underweight, overweight and obesity in adolescents from less-urbanized regions of Poland

Introduction Under-nutrition, over-nutrition and obesity incidence in relation to environmental diversity and socio- economic influences in adolescents from less urbanized regions of Poland has not been widely studied. Objective. To determine the correlation between socio-economic status and incidence of underweight, overweight and obesity in adolescents located in less-urbanized regions of Poland. Material and Methods The study involved 553 adolescents aged 13–18 living in 2 less-urbanized regions of Poland (small towns and villages in the central and north-eastern regions). The sample was randomly chosen. The distinguishing determinants of socio-economic status (SES) included 6 features. The SES index (SESI) was calculated. Low, average and high SESI adolescents were distinguished. Using logistic regression, the odds ratio (OR) of underweight (BMI2 ), overweight (BMI≥25kg/m2 ) and obesity (BMI≥30kg/m2 ) incidence was calculated after BMI conversion using the international cut-off by Cole et al. (2000, 2007). The reference group were adolescents with low SESI (OR=1.00). Results 11% of the adolescents were underweight, 14% were overweight and 3% were obese. The odds ratio of underweight incidence for the average SESI adolescent was 0.33 (95%CI: 0.15, 0.73; p<0.01) and in high SESI adolescents – 1.05 (95%CI: 0.78, 1.42; p>0.05). The odds ratio of overweight incidence in the average SESI adolescent was 1.73 (95%CI: 0.93, 3.19; p>0.05) and in high SESI adolescents – 1.14 (95%CI: 0.83, 1.57; p>0.05). The odds ratio of obesity incidence in the average SESI adolescent was 0.70 (95%CI: 0.21, 2.34; p>0.05) and in high SESI adolescents – 0.76 (95%CI: 0.40, 1.44; p>0.05). Adjustments for gender, age or region of residence did not significantly change the ORs values or their interpretation. Conclusions Underweight incidence in adolescents from less urbanized regions of Poland depended on socio-economic status. An adolescent with average socio-economic status was 3 times less likely to be underweight than an adolescent with low socio-economic status. The correlation between socio-economic status and overweight and obesity was not significant

Сопоставление двух показателей социально-экономического положения и их применения в оценке питания молодежи

Cel: Analiza porównawcza dwóch wskaźników sytuacji społeczno-ekonomicznej o różnej konstrukcji i ich użyteczności w ocenie żywienia młodzieży. Materiał i metody: Badaniami objęto 576 osób w wieku 13-18 lat. Wyznaczono dwa ważone wskaźniki sytuacji społeczno-ekonomicznej (SES), które obliczono jako sumę (sSESI) i iloczyn (iSESI) wartości liczbowych przypisanych poszczególnym kategoriom wyróżników SES. Metodą częstotliwości spożycia żywności oceniono urozmaicenie spożycia żywności. Wyniki: Używając wskaźnika sSESI opisano różnice między osobami o niskim, średnim i wysokim SES w liczbie produktów spożywanych w ciągu tygodnia (odpowiednio 42,3 vs. 41,6 vs. 42,2; p<0,05). Nie stwierdzono różnic w liczbie produktów spożywanych tygodniowo używając wskaźnika iSESI. Wnioski: Do badania współzależności między sytuacją społeczno-ekonomiczną a odżywianiem młodzieży można rekomendować wskaźnik sytuacji społeczno-ekonomicznej obliczony jako suma wartości liczbowych przypisanych poszczególnym kategoriom wyróżników z powodu jego większej siły różnicującej wybrane cechy odżywiania w porównaniu ze wskaźnikiem obliczonym jako iloczyn.Aim: A comparative analysis of two indices of the socioeconomic status with different constructions and their usefulness in the dietary assessment of adolescents. Materials and methods: The study included 576 people aged 13-18 years. They were two weighted socioeconomic (SES) indices, which were calculated as the sum (sSESI) and the product (iSESI) of numerical values assigned to each category of the SES parameter. The food intake frequency method was used to assess food intake variety. Results: The use of sSESI for people with low, medium and high SES differences in the number of foods consumed per week (42.3 vs. 41.6 vs. 42.2, respectively; p<0.05) was analysed. There were no differences in the number of foods consumed per week when the iSESI was used. Conclusions: To study the relation between the socioeconomic status and nutrition in case of adolescents it is recommended that the index of socioeconomic status be calculated as a sum of the numeric values assigned to each category of the parameter due to its greater strength in discriminating the selected dietary features compared with an index calculated as a product.Цель: Сопоставительный анализ двух показателей социально-экономического положения различного построения и их пригодности в оценке питания молодежи. Материалы и методы: Обследования охватили 576 лиц в возрасте 13-18 лет. Определили два взвешенных показателя социально-экономического положения (SES), которые рассчитали как сумму (sSESI) и произведение (iSESI) численных значений, отнесенных на счет отдельных категорий показателей SES. По методу частотности приема пищи оценили разнообразие потребления продуктов питания. Результаты: Применяя показатель sSESI, описали различия между лицами с низким, средним и высоким показателем SES в числе продуктов, потребляемых в течение недели (соответственно 42,3 против 41,6 и против 42,2; p<0,05). Не отметили расхождений в числе продуктов, потребляемых за неделю, применяя показатель iSESI. Выводы: Для изучения взаимозависимости между социально-экономическим положением и питанием молодежи можно рекомендовать показатель социально-экономического положения, рассчитанный в качестве суммы численных значений, отнесенных на счет отдельных категорий показателей, по причине его большей силы, дифференцирующей избранные свойства питания по сравнению с показателем, рассчитанным в качестве произведения

Consumption Frequency of Fruit Juices and Sweetened Beverages: Differences Related to Age, Gender and the Prevalence of Overweight Among Polish Adolescents

The aim of the study was to analyse the differences in the consumption frequency of fruit juices and sweetened beverages according to gender, age and the prevalence of overweight. The study involved 1,700 adolescents aged 13-19 from north-eastern Poland. The frequencies of juices and beverages consumption are presented in 5 categories: from less than once a week to daily. On the basis of measurements of body weight and height the relative body mass (rBMI) is calculated, using standardization by Cole. The study showed that 77.8% of the sample had normal weight and 16.9% were overweight. Girls more often consumed fruit juices than boys and sweetened beverages less often. Girls with age drank less frequently fruit juices and sweetened beverages. Among boys, only the frequency of fruit juice consumption decreased with age. Daily consumption of sweetened beverages among young people increased the risk of being overweight by more than 60% compared to young people consuming them once a week. The frequency of consumption of fruit juices and sweetened beverages was more strongly related to age and sex than to body mass. The prevalence of overweight among adolescents was associated with the frequency of sweetened beverage consumption, but not with the frequency of fruit juice consumption

Comparison of a Full Food-Frequency Questionnaire with the Three-Day Unweighted Food Records in Young Polish Adult Women: Implications for Dietary Assessment

The food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and the food record (FR) are among the most common methods used in dietary research. It is important to know that is it possible to use both methods simultaneously in dietary assessment and prepare a single, comprehensive interpretation. The aim of this study was to compare the energy and nutritional value of diets, determined by the FFQ and by the three-day food records of young women. The study involved 84 female students aged 21–26 years (mean of 22.2 ± 0.8 years). Completing the FFQ was preceded by obtaining unweighted food records covering three consecutive days. Energy and nutritional value of diets was assessed for both methods (FFQ-crude, FR-crude). Data obtained for FFQ-crude were adjusted with beta-coefficient equaling 0.5915 (FFQ-adjusted) and regression analysis (FFQ-regressive). The FFQ-adjusted was calculated as FR-crude/FFQ-crude ratio of mean daily energy intake. FFQ-regressive was calculated for energy and each nutrient separately using regression equation, including FFQ-crude and FR-crude as covariates. For FR-crude and FFQ-crude the energy value of diets was standardized to 2000 kcal (FR-standardized, FFQ-standardized). Methods of statistical comparison included a dependent samples t-test, a chi-square test, and the Bland-Altman method. The mean energy intake in FFQ-crude was significantly higher than FR-crude (2740.5 kcal vs. 1621.0 kcal, respectively). For FR-standardized and FFQ-standardized, significance differences were found in the mean intake of 18 out of 31 nutrients, for FR-crude and FFQ-adjusted in 13 out of 31 nutrients and FR-crude and FFQ-regressive in 11 out of 31 nutrients. The Bland-Altman method showed an overestimation of energy and nutrient intake by FFQ-crude in comparison to FR-crude, e.g., total protein was overestimated by 34.7 g/day (95% Confidence Interval, CI: −29.6, 99.0 g/day) and fat by 48.6 g/day (95% CI: −36.4, 133.6 g/day). After regressive transformation of FFQ, the absolute difference between FFQ-regressive and FR-crude equaled 0.0 g/day and 95% CI were much better (e.g., for total protein 95% CI: −32.7, 32.7 g/day, for fat 95% CI: −49.6, 49.6 g/day). In conclusion, differences in nutritional value of diets resulted from overestimating energy intake by the FFQ in comparison to the three-day unweighted food records. Adjustment of energy and nutrient intake applied for the FFQ using various methods, particularly regression equations, significantly improved the agreement between results obtained by both methods and dietary assessment. To obtain the most accurate results in future studies using this FFQ, energy and nutrient intake should be adjusted by the regression equations presented in this paper

Nutritional Strategies for the Individualized Treatment of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Based on the Nutrient-Induced Insulin Output Ratio (NIOR)

Nutrients play a fundamental role as regulators of the activity of enzymes involved in liver metabolism. In the general population, the action of nutrients may be affected by gene polymorphisms. Therefore, individualization of a diet for individuals with fatty liver seems to be a fundamental step in nutritional strategies. In this study, we tested the nutrient-induced insulin output ratio (NIOR), which is used to identify the correlation between the variants of genes and insulin resistance. We enrolled 171 patients, Caucasian men (n = 104) and women (n = 67), diagnosed with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). From the pool of genes sensitive to nutrient content, we selected genes characterized by a strong response to the NIOR. The polymorphisms included Adrenergic receptor (b3AR), Tumor necrosis factor (TNFα), Apolipoprotein C (Apo C III). Uncoupling Protein type I (UCP-1), Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ2 (PPAR-2) and Apolipoprotein E (APOEs). We performed three dietary interventions: a diet consistent with the results of genotyping (NIOR (+)); typical dietary recommendations for NAFLD (Cust (+)), and a diet opposite to the genotyping results (NIOR (−) and Cust (−)). We administered the diet for six months. The most beneficial changes were observed among fat-sensitive patients who were treated with the NIOR (+) diet. These changes included improvements in body mass and insulin sensitivity and normalization of blood lipids. In people sensitive to fat, the NIOR seems to be a useful tool for determining specific strategies for the treatment of NAFLD

Family History of Premature Coronary Artery Disease (P-CAD)—A Non-Modifiable Risk Factor? Dietary Patterns of Young Healthy Offspring of P-CAD Patients: A Case-Control Study (MAGNETIC Project)

Dietary habits of healthy offspring with a positive family history of premature coronary artery disease (P-CAD) have not been studied so far. The aim of this study was twofold: (1) to identify dietary patterns in a sample of young healthy adults with (cases) and without (controls) family history of P-CAD, and (2) to study the association between dietary patterns and family history of P-CAD. The data came from the MAGNETIC case-control study. The participants were healthy adults aged 18&ndash;35 years old, with (n = 351) and without a family history of P-CAD (n = 338). Dietary data were collected with food frequency questionnaire FFQ-6. Dietary patterns (DP) were derived using principal component analysis (PCA). The associations between the adherence to DPs and family history of P-CAD were investigated using logistic regression. Two models were created: crude and adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, place of residence, financial situation, education, and physical activity at leisure time. Three DPs were identified: &lsquo;prudent&rsquo;, &lsquo;westernized traditional&rsquo; and &lsquo;dairy, breakfast cereals, and treats&rsquo;. In both crude and adjusted models, subjects with family history of P-CAD showed higher adherence by 31% and 25% to &lsquo;westernized traditional&rsquo; DP (odds ratio (OR) 1.31, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.12&ndash;1.53; p &lt; 0.005; per 1 unit of standard deviation (SD) of DP score and adjOR 1.25, 95% CI: 1.06&ndash;1.48; p = 0.007; per 1 unit of SD of DP score, respectively). Young healthy adults with family history of P-CAD present unfavorable dietary patterns and are potentially a target group for CAD primary prevention programs