Antimony Redox Biotransformation in the Subsurface: Effect of Indigenous Sb(V) Respiring Microbiota

Anaerobic microbiological antimonate [Sb­(V)] respiration is a newly discovered process regulating the Sb redox transformation in soils. However, little is known about the role microbiological Sb­(V) respiration plays in the fate of Sb in the subsurface, especially in the presence of sulfate and electron shuttles. Herein, we successfully enriched a Sb­(V) reducing microbiota (SbRM) from the subsurface near an active Sb mine. SbRM was dominated by genus <i>Alkaliphilus</i> (18–36%), <i>Clostridiaceae</i> (17–18%), <i>Tissierella</i> (24–27%), and <i>Lysinibacillus</i> (16–37%). The incubation results showed that SbRM reduced 88% of dissolved Sb­(V) to Sb­(III), but the total Sb mobility remained the same as in the abiotic control, indicating that SbRM alone did not increase the total Sb release but regulated the Sb speciation in the subsurface. Micro X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) analysis suggested the association of Sb and Fe, and electron shuttles such as anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonic disodium salt (AQDS) markedly enhanced the Sb release due to its ability to facilitate Fe mineral dissolution. Sb L-edge and S K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) results demonstrated that indigenous SbRM immobilized Sb via Sb₂S₃ formation, especially in a sulfur-rich environment. The insights gained from this study shed new light on Sb mobilization and its risk assessment in the subsurface environment

Effect of morphine on APOBEC3B/C/F/G/H mRNA expression.

<p>Seven-day-cultured macrophages were treated with or without morphine (10⁻¹⁰ M) for 3 h, and then cellular RNA was subjected to the real-time RT-PCR for mRNA detection. Data are expressed as mRNA levels in morphine-treated cells (percentage of control) to those in untreated cells. The results represent the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. Statistical analysis was performed by Student's t-test and significance is shown with *P<0.05 (morphine versus control).</p

Morphine enhances HIV Bal strain (A) and SIV Delta_B670 strain (B) infection of macrophages.

<p>Seven-day-cultured macrophages were incubated with or without morphine (10⁻¹⁰ M) for 24 h before HIV or SIV infection. An opioid receptor antagonist, naltrexone (10⁻⁸ M) was added to macrophage cultures 1 h before morphine (10⁻¹⁰ M) treatment. HIV or SIV RT activity in culture supernatant was determined at day 6 postinfection. Data are expressed as HIV (A) and SIV (B) RT activity in morphine-treated cells (percentage of control) to those in untreated cells, morphine-treated cells plus naltrexone versus morphine only. The results represent the mean ± SD of three experiments using cells from three different donors. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance, and significance is shown with * P<0.05 (morphine vs control or morphine vs morphine + naltrexone).</p

Effects of morphine on SOCS-1, 2, 3 (A), PIAS-1, 3, X and Y (B) expression.

<p>Seven-day-cultured macrophages were treated with or without morphine (10⁻¹⁰ M) for 3 h, and cellular RNA was subjected to the real-time RT-PCR for mRNA detection. Data are expressed as mRNA levels in morphine-treated cells (percentage of control) to those in untreated cells. The results represent the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. Statistical analysis was performed by Student's t-test and significance is shown with *P<0.05 (morphine versus control).</p

Effect of morphine on TLRs, RIG-I (A) and IRFs (B) expression.

<p>Seven-day-cultured macrophages were treated with or without morphine (10⁻¹⁰ M) for 3 h, and then cellular RNA was subjected to the real-time RT-PCR for mRNA detection. Data are expressed as mRNA levels in morphine-treated cells (percentage of control) to those in untreated cells. The results represent the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. Statistical analysis was performed by Student's t-test and significance is shown with *P<0.05 (morphine vs control).</p

Dose-dependent and time-course effects of morphine on AIDS virus replication.

<p>A and C: Dose-dependent effect of morphine on HIV or SIV replication. Seven-day-cultured macrophages were treated with or without morphine at indicated concentrations for 24 h and then incubated with HIV Bal or SIV Delta_B670 strain for 2 h in the presence or absence of morphine. Day 6 culture supernatant was collected for HIV (A) or SIV (C) RT assay. B and D: Time-course effect of morphine on HIV or SIV. Seven-day-cultured macrophages were treated with or without morphine (10⁻¹⁰ M) for 24 h prior to infection with HIV Bal strain or SIV Delta_B670 strain for 2 h and then cultured for 15 days. HIV (B) or SIV (D) RT activity was determined in cultured supernatants at indicated time points postinfection. Data are expressed as HIV or SIV RT activity in morphine-treated cells (percentage of control) compared with those in untreated cells. The results represent the mean ± SD of three independent experiments using macrophages from three different donors. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way analysis of variance (A, C) or Student's t-test (B, D), and significance is shown morphine versus control with * (P<0.05) and ** (P<0.01).</p

Effect of heroin use or heroin use plus HCV infection on the key element expression in IL-12 pathway.

<p>CD56⁺ T cells (unstimulated) were isolated from healthy subjects (n = 17) and heroin users with (n = 17) or without (n = 20) HCV infection. Total cellular RNA extracted from freshly isolated CD56⁺ T cells was subjected to the real-time RT PCR for key element (IL-12Rβ1, IL-12Rβ2, STAT-1, 3, 4, 5, JAK-2, TYK-2) in IL-12 pathway and GAPDH mRNA quantification. The data are expressed as the relative ratio of the key element mRNA level to GAPDH mRNA level. Median values are indicated by horizontal bars and statistical significance was calculated by the Mann-Whitney <i>U</i>-test.</p

7Mix_E7 (3)

3rd part of the 7Mix_E7 fastq dat

7Mix E7 (2)

2nd part of 7Mix_E7 fastq dat

Error rate at each nucleotide position of <i>FGFR3</i>-Exon14 and <i>Exon 7</i>.

<p>(A) Error plotted for all 114 nucleotides of Exon14 (amplified with Platinum Taq), with 30 nucleotides magnified. (B) Error plotted for all 112 nucleotides of Exon7 (amplified with Q5 enzyme), with 30 nucleotides magnified.</p