5,183 research outputs found
Meta-CoTGAN: A Meta Cooperative Training Paradigm for Improving Adversarial Text Generation
Training generative models that can generate high-quality text with
sufficient diversity is an important open problem for Natural Language
Generation (NLG) community. Recently, generative adversarial models have been
applied extensively on text generation tasks, where the adversarially trained
generators alleviate the exposure bias experienced by conventional maximum
likelihood approaches and result in promising generation quality. However, due
to the notorious defect of mode collapse for adversarial training, the
adversarially trained generators face a quality-diversity trade-off, i.e., the
generator models tend to sacrifice generation diversity severely for increasing
generation quality. In this paper, we propose a novel approach which aims to
improve the performance of adversarial text generation via efficiently
decelerating mode collapse of the adversarial training. To this end, we
introduce a cooperative training paradigm, where a language model is
cooperatively trained with the generator and we utilize the language model to
efficiently shape the data distribution of the generator against mode collapse.
Moreover, instead of engaging the cooperative update for the generator in a
principled way, we formulate a meta learning mechanism, where the cooperative
update to the generator serves as a high level meta task, with an intuition of
ensuring the parameters of the generator after the adversarial update would
stay resistant against mode collapse. In the experiment, we demonstrate our
proposed approach can efficiently slow down the pace of mode collapse for the
adversarial text generators. Overall, our proposed method is able to outperform
the baseline approaches with significant margins in terms of both generation
quality and diversity in the testified domains
Implications of Herder Attitudes for Stocking Rates in China and Mongolia
Over-grazing of the grasslands in China and Mongolia is a common problem. Herders typically aim to increase their animal numbers to then hopefully, improve their status and incomes. Various studies have shown that stocking rates often need to be halved to restore grasslands to a sustainable state. Governments have been enacting policies to achieve a reduction in stocking rates, especially in China. However, in both countries, herders have freedom to set their own stocking rates. A survey was done of ~900 herders in Inner Mongolia, on the five main grassland types, to define their styles, attitudes and intentions for stocking rates, their desired stocking rates and how that related to actual and recommended stocking rates and the implications for policies designed to rehabilitate degraded grasslands. Most herders only provide minimal inputs to livestock relying primarily on grasslands for fodder. Herders were grouped into four main types, those who intended to increase or decrease stocking rates Vs their actual stocking rates as a function of their desired stocking rates (+/-). They varied from those who had less than their desired stocking rates yet intended to reduce them further, to those who had more than their desired stocking rates and were intending to increase them. There was a general relationship within villages between the ratio of desired to actual stocking rates and actual number of animals held by the household. This general relationship indicated that within a village the herder’s actual ‘desire’ was for a specified number of animals, rather than a specified stocking rate. Similar attitudes prevail in Mongolia where herders do not think about animals per hectare. The policy implications are discussed
Bis(1H-benzimidazole-κN 3)bisÂ[2-(naphthalen-1-yl)acetato-κ2 O,O′]manganese(II) monohydrate
In the title compound, [Mn(C12H9O2)2(C7H6N2)2]·H2O, the MnII ion is located on a twofold rotation axis and six-coordinated, displaying a distorted MnN2O4 octaÂhedral geometry. The crystal packing is stabilized by N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, which give rise to a one-dimensional structure along [001], and π–π interÂactions between the imidazole rings and between the benzene rings of the 2-(naphthalen-1-yl)acetate ligands [centroid–centroid distances = 3.761 (3) and 3.728 (4) Å]. The contribution of the electron density associated with the disordered water molecules was not considerd in the final structure model
Sesquiterpenes from the marine red alga Laurencia composita.
Four new chamigrane derivatives, laurecomin A (1). laurecomin B (2), laurecomin C (3), and laurecomin D (4), one new naturally occurring sesquiterpene, 2,10-dibromo-3-chloro-7-chamigren-9-ol acetate (5), and three known halogenated structures, deoxyprepacifenol (6), 1-bromoselin-4(14),11-diene (7), and 9-bromoselin-4(14).11-diene (8), were isolated from the marine red alga Laurencia cornposita collected from Pingtan Island, China. The structures of these compounds were unambiguously established by 1D, 2D NMR and mass spectroscopic techniques. The bioassay results showed that 2 was active against both brine shrimp and fungus Colletotrichum lagenarium. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Four new chamigrane derivatives, laurecomin A (1). laurecomin B (2), laurecomin C (3), and laurecomin D (4), one new naturally occurring sesquiterpene, 2,10-dibromo-3-chloro-7-chamigren-9-ol acetate (5), and three known halogenated structures, deoxyprepacifenol (6), 1-bromoselin-4(14),11-diene (7), and 9-bromoselin-4(14).11-diene (8), were isolated from the marine red alga Laurencia cornposita collected from Pingtan Island, China. The structures of these compounds were unambiguously established by 1D, 2D NMR and mass spectroscopic techniques. The bioassay results showed that 2 was active against both brine shrimp and fungus Colletotrichum lagenarium. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
Observation of fourfold Dirac nodal line semimetal and its unconventional surface responses in sonic crystals
Three-dimensional nodal line semimetals (NLSMs) provide remarkable importance
for both enrich topological physics and wave management. However, NLSMs
realized in acoustic systems are twofold bands degenerate, which are called
Weyl NLSMs. Here, we first report on the experimental observation of novel
Dirac NLSMs with fourfold degenerate in sonic crystals. We reveal that the
topological properties of the Dirac NLSMs are entirely different than that of
the conventional Weyl NLSMs. The Berry phase related to the Dirac nodal line
(DNL) is 2{\pi}, which results in the surface responses of the Dirac NLSMs with
two radically different situations: a torus surface state occupying the entire
surface Brillouin zone (SBZ) and without any surface state in the SBZ. We
further reveal that topological surface arcs caused by DNL can change from open
to closed contours. The findings of Dirac NLSMs and their unique surface
response may provoke exciting frontiers for flexible manipulation of acoustic
surface waves.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figure
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