Prevalence of osteoporosis in China: a meta-analysis and systematic review

Abstract Background We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to obtain a reliable estimation of the prevalence of osteoporosis in China and to characterize its epidemiology. Methods We identified relevant studies via a search of literature published from 2003 to October 2015 in the PubMed, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang and Weipu databases. Both Chinese and WHO criteria were considered acceptable for the diagnosis of osteoporosis. Prevalence estimates were obtained using random effects models. Meta-regression analysis was used to explore the sources of heterogeneity, and publication bias was evaluated by visually inspecting funnel plots. Results Overall, 69 articles were included in this study. An obvious increase in the prevalence of osteoporosis was identified over the past 12 years (prevalence of 14.94 % before 2008 and 27.96 % during the period spanning 2012–2015). The prevalence of osteoporosis was higher in females than in males (25.41 % vs. 15.33 %) and increased with age. Osteoporosis prevalence was higher in rural than in urban areas (20.87 % vs. 23.92 %) and higher in southern than in northern areas (23.17 % vs. 20.13 %). At present, the pooled prevalence of osteoporosis in people aged 50 years and older was more than twice the pooled prevalence identified in 2006 (34.65 % vs. 15.7 %). The application of different diagnostic criteria could have an impact on prevalence estimation (19.7 % vs. 29.3 %). Meta-regression suggested that study setting also influenced the estimation of point prevalence (P = 0.022). Conclusions The prevalence of osteoporosis in China has increased over the past 12 years, affecting more than one-third of people aged 50 years and older. The prevalence of osteoporosis increased with age and was higher in females than in males. Prevention and control measures have become all the more important given the increase in osteoporosis prevalence, and three-step prevention programmes should be implemented

Novel pathways involved in nephrotoxicity induced damage and recovery

Acute kidney injury (AKI) has become a rising global concern affecting over 13 million people every year and one of the main causes is nephrotoxic drugs-induced AKI. Understanding the mechanisms of which and the genetic pathway involved during damage and recovery enable further investigation on targeted treatments. Therefore, the overall aim of this study was to investigate the key genes or pathways involved in nephrotoxic drug-induced damage and recovery, thus help understanding further the paths of damage and potential recovery in nephrotoxic injury. Firstly, AKI was induced by injecting aristolochic acid (AA) to ICR mice. We found that 5mg/kg bodyweight dose of AA did not cause significant damage to mice kidneys; HK2 cells responded to AA and folic acid (FA) treatments in time-dependent and dose-dependent manner and were able to recover after acute damage. Compare to AA treated cells, FA treated cells tended to detach from the plates after injury, making it easier to observe the recovery process after damage, thus FA at concentration of 18mM was selected for the remainder of the project. During 24-hour FA treatment, the level of both high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and light chain 3 B (LC3B) protein increased significantly (p<0.05) and reduced to a normal level during recovery. The inhibition of LC3B protein did not aggravate the injury nor slowed down the recovery process. In addition, the level of GRP78 protein showed a significant increase during FA treatment, indicated an elevation of unfolded or misfolded protein accumulated in ER. Moreover, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was observed a significant elevation after 4-hour FA treatment, peaked at 24-hour treatment and gradually decreased during recovery period. Next, RNA-seq was used to investigate the mRNA change during FA treatment and recovery. HMGB1 targeted on translation during FA induced injury and recovery, and potentially induced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines through the C-X-C motif chemokine 12 (CXCL12) or toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) signalling pathways. The mRNA expression of Pax2 was elevated after FA treatment, which indicated Pax2 might have a protective role over FA induced acute injury. Matrix metalloproteinase7 (MMP7) might not have a protective role in this study as its mRNA expression significantly decreased during FA treatment (p<0.05). In conclusion, FA-induced damage in HK2 cells may be mediated by ROS damage and results in HMGB1 protein induction within a few hours of exposure. Whilst the cells in which this translocation is observed survive, they also induce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines potentially through the CXCL12 or TLR2 signalling pathways. The autophagy response is activated after FA injury which may be induced independently or through an HMGB1 mediated process, but it is not solely responsible for enabling the survival seen in FA exposed HK2 cells. The processes identified in this thesis may be helpful in understanding further the paths of damage and potential recovery in nephrotoxic injury

Study on Reservoir Characteristics of Ta112 in Songliao Basin

Ta34 in Songliao basin is buried 1,300 metres below the band, the exploration difficulty is big and high quality recognition is difficult. According to its complex lithology characteristics, poor porosity and strong heterogeneity, with the application of comprehensive conventional coring, thin-section analysis, scanning electron microscopy and conventional curve data for analysis of reservoir characteristics of T112, lithology and reservoir criterion are established, more over the fracture strata section of the hill is identified. The reservoirs are mainly composed of carbonate rocks and quartzite, the accurate lithology identification provides geological basis for the next step of well deployment

Clustering and Differentiation of glr-3 Gene Function and Its Homologous Proteins

In order to adapt to the low temperature environment, organisms transmitexcitement to the central system through the thermal sensing system, whichis a classic reflex reaction. The cold receptor GLR-3 perceives cold and produces cold avoidance behavior through peripheral sensory neurons ASER.In order to further understand the gene encoding of the cold sensing glr-3gene and the evolution of its homologous gene group function and proteinfunction, the nucleotide sequence and amino acid sequence of the glr-3gene and its homologous gene in 24 species were obtained and compared.By clustering with the GRIK2 gene sequence of Rana chensinensis, the bioinformatics method was used to predict and sequence analyze the change ofgene, evolution rate, physical and chemical properties of protein, glycosylation sites, phosphorylation sites, secondary structure and tertiary structureof protein. The analysis results show that the glr-3 gene and its homologousgene have obvious positive selection effect. The protein prediction analysisshowed that the glr-3 gene and its homologous genes encoded proteinsin these 25 species were hydrophilic proteins, and the proportion of sidechains of aliphatic amino acids was high. The transmembrane helix waswidespread and there were more N-glycosylation sites and O-glycosylationsites. The protein phosphorylation sites encoded were serine, threonine andtyrosine phosphorylation sites. Secondary structure prediction showed thatthe secondary structure units of the encoded protein were α-helix, β-turn,random coil and extended chain, and the proportion of α-helix was the largest. This study provides useful information on the evolution and function ofthe cold sensing gene glr-3 and its homologous genes

Detection and Genetic Analysis of Porcine Bocavirus

Porcine Bocavirus (PBoV) has been reported to be associated with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome and pneumonia in pigs. In this study, a survey was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of PBoV in slaughter pigs, sick pigs, asymptomatic pigs and classical swine fever virus (CSFV) eradication plan herds in five provinces of China (Henan, Liaoning, Shandong, Hebei and Tianjin) by means of PCR targeting NS1 gene of PBoV. Among the total of 403 tissue samples, 11.41% were positive for PBoV. The positive rates of spleen (20.75%) and inguinal lymph node (27.18%) are higher than those of other organs. PCR products of twenty PBoV positive samples from slaughter pigs were sequenced for phylogenetic analysis. The result revealed that PBoV could be divided into 6 groups (PBoV-a~PBoV-f). All PBoV sequenced in this study belong to PBoV-a–PBoV-d with 90.1% to 99% nucleotide identities. Our results exhibited significant genetic diversity of PBoV and suggested a complex prevalence of PBoV in Chinese swine herds. Whether this diversity of PBoV has a significance to pig production or even public health remains to be further studied

Study on Oil Pressure Characteristics and Trajectory Tracking Control in Shift Process of Wet-Clutch for Electric Vehicles

Accurate control of oil pressure of wet-clutch is of great importance for improving shift quality. Based on dynamic models of two-gear planetary transmission and hydraulic control system, a trajectory tracking model of oil pressure was built by sliding mode control method. An experiment was designed to verify the validity of hydraulic control system, through which the relationship between duty cycle of on-off valve and oil pressure of clutch was determined. The tracking effect was analyzed by simulation. Results showed that oil pressure could follow well the optimal trajectory and the shift quality was effectively improved

The Effects of Storage Conditions on Lycopene Content and Color of Tomato Hot Pot Sauce

Tomato hot pot sauce (THPS) at different storage temperatures (0, 25, and 37°C) and with two kinds of packaging for 120 days was investigated in this study. High performance liquid chromatography was employed for detecting lycopene and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). The changes of lycopene and HMF during storage were regressed with kinetic equation of both zero-order and first-order models, and the latter fitted better. The kinetic equation constant (k value) of lycopene or HMF at 37°C was higher than that at 25°C. The k value of lycopene of PET/PE (P1) packaged THPS was 1.60 times of that of PET/Al/EAA/PE (P2) packaged at 37°C, while it was 2.12 times at 25°C. The k value of HMF of P1 packaged THPS was 1.69 times of that of P2 packaged at 37°C, while it was 1.01 times at 25°C. Significant correlations between color index of L⁎, a⁎, and a⁎/b⁎ and lycopene or HMF were found at storage temperature. Browning color was attributed to both Maillard reaction and degradation of lycopene. In conclusion, lower storage temperature and stronger oxygen barrier property of package could maintain color stability and extend shelf life