A Value Chain Based Analysis of Electronic Commerce’s Transformation of China’s Pharmaceutical Industry

In this paper we explore the impact of electronic commerce on the industry structure and market power allocation of China’s pharmaceutical industry. Firstly, we describe the overall characteristics of the pharmaceutical Industry in general. Secondly, we develop a value chain based framework of analysis for China’s pharmaceutical industry. We divide the pharmaceutical industry value chain into three tiers: the initial market, the middle market and the end market. Based on these works, we analyze the profound impacts of Electronic Commerce on the transformation of China’s pharmaceutical Industry, with particular emphasis on the evolution of market structure and the re-allocation of market power due to the introduction of E-Commerce procedures

Scientific Activities of the Aula Dei Experimental Station of the CSIC during 1994-1995

Peer reviewe

Автономная система для низкочастотной импульсной магнитотерапии

Терапевтическое свойства магнитного поля получили широкое распространение в клинической практике. В работе представлена автономная система для низкочастотной импульсной магнитотерапии, отвечающая современным требованиям медицины. Пр ведены схемотехнические особенности устройства. Критериями при разработке аппарата являются: автономность, информативность, простота в управлении. Режим работы устройства задается при помощи микропроцессорной системы управления. Для обмена данными с персональным компьютером используется модуль беспроводной связи. Индуктор выполнен на основе двухобмоточного воздушного дросселя для формирования магнитного потока в двух направлениях. Для удаленного задания режима работы системы с персонального компьютера разработан интерфейс пользователя, позволяющий задать время терапии и интенсивность воздействия магнитным полем на организм. Информация о текущем режиме работы отображается как на мониторе компьютера, так и на сенсорном дисплее аппарата

An Institutional Perspective on Two-sided Networks

In the early 2000s, the term ‘two-sided network’ has been coined to describe a form of organizing economic activities related to novel uses of information technology. While it is evident that two-sided networks make use of the novel possibilities of information technologies to organize economic activities, they have not yet been studied from an institutional perspective to shed light on the nature of this phenomenon. We suggest a way to remedy this situation by developing a novel classification scheme to systematically describe institutionally distinct forms of two-sided networks. We find that the phenomenon of two-sided networks may herald an entirely new way of organizing economic activities, possibly replacing, or evolving from, traditional forms. Moreover, within certain limits, there may be substitutive relationships between forms of two-sided networks which suggests that there are alternatives to forms which currently dominate the public and academic attention and which may be more desirable

In vitro and in vivo antiseptic activities of caffeoylquinic acid

Purpose: To evaluate the antiseptic effect of caffeoylquinic acid (CA) in in vivo and in vitro models.Methods: In vivo sepsis was produced in rats via cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) method. Four groups of rats were used: control group, untreated CLP group, and two CA groups treated with caffeoylquinic acid (50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) for 30 days before the induction of sepsis. Following the induction of sepsis, histological assessment of lung tissue was carried out using hematoxylin and eosin, and isolectin B4 staining. In addition, in vitro tests were performed on RAW264.7 cells in which inflammation and oxidative stress were induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS).Results: Treatment with CA significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced the survival of lung cells, relative to the CLP group. Lung histopathology revealed that pretreatment with CA did not attenuate the increased infiltration of macrophages in the alveoli. Results from in vitro studies showed that CA attenuated LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) levels, but had no significant effect on the level of LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines in RAW264.7 cells (p < 0.05).Conclusion: These results reveal that CA attenuates NO and TNF-α levels in LPS-stimulated macrophages, thereby decreasing inflammation-associated sepsis. Thus, CA may have beneficial effects on lung injury as a result of its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.Keywords: Caffeoylquinic acid, Sepsis, Oxidative stress, Cytokines, Cecalligation, Punctur

Cloud Model Bat Algorithm

Bat algorithm (BA) is a novel stochastic global optimization algorithm. Cloud model is an effective tool in transforming between qualitative concepts and their quantitative representation. Based on the bat echolocation mechanism and excellent characteristics of cloud model on uncertainty knowledge representation, a new cloud model bat algorithm (CBA) is proposed. This paper focuses on remodeling echolocation model based on living and preying characteristics of bats, utilizing the transformation theory of cloud model to depict the qualitative concept: “bats approach their prey.” Furthermore, Lévy flight mode and population information communication mechanism of bats are introduced to balance the advantage between exploration and exploitation. The simulation results show that the cloud model bat algorithm has good performance on functions optimization