L'enseignement du droit en Chine et ses perspectives d'avenir

Ce texte dresse un tableau de l'enseignement du droit en Chine après quinze ans de développement accéléré. Il décrit les trois niveaux deformation offerts dans les établissements d'enseignement supérieur (formation spécialisée, formation universitaire, études avancées), et expose le contenu des programmes de sciences juridiques. Il signale également le développement notable de la formation juridique parascolaire, sous ses diverses formes. Les auteurs exposent ensuite les conditions générales dans lesquelles va se poursuivre le développement de l'enseignement du droit, et notamment celles qui découlent des réformes économiques. Ils précisent les orientations prévisibles de l'enseignement vers la formation de juristes polyvalents d'un haut niveau de compétence. Ils décrivent les programmes pilotes et les nouveaux programmes d'études avancées mis en place dans divers établissements, ainsi que le développement de programmes interdisciplinaires combinant droit et économie, droit et technologie, ou droit et gestion du commerce international.This paper presents an overview of the teaching of law in China after fifteen years of accelerated development. It describes the three levels of training provided in institutions of higher learning (specialized training, university training, advanced studies), and specifies the content of legal sciences programs. It also emphasizes the significant development of paralegal training in its various forms. The authors go on to explain the general conditions under which the teaching of law will continue, namely those conditions arising from economic reforms. They examine foreseeable orientations of teaching in the training of highly qualified and versatile legal practitioners. They describe pilot programs and new advanced study programs implemented in various institutions, as well as the development of interdisciplinary programs combining law and economics, law and technology, or law and international trade management

A Riemannian ADMM

We consider a class of Riemannian optimization problems where the objective is the sum of a smooth function and a nonsmooth function, considered in the ambient space. This class of problems finds important applications in machine learning and statistics such as the sparse principal component analysis, sparse spectral clustering, and orthogonal dictionary learning. We propose a Riemannian alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) to solve this class of problems. Our algorithm adopts easily computable steps in each iteration. The iteration complexity of the proposed algorithm for obtaining an $\epsilon$-stationary point is analyzed under mild assumptions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first Riemannian ADMM with provable convergence guarantee for solving Riemannian optimization problem with nonsmooth objective. Numerical experiments are conducted to demonstrate the advantage of the proposed method

Experimental and numerical evaluation of novel dual-channel windcatchers for energy-saving technology integrations

Windcatchers are utilized in building design as natural ventilation devices, providing fresh air supply and thermal comfort under suitable outdoor conditions. However, their performance is often constrained by environmental factors such as outdoor temperature, wind speed and direction. While passive heating, cooling, and heat recovery devices have been integrated into conventional windcatcher designs, the impact of changing wind conditions, which can render the windcatcher ineffective, is often not considered. Addressing this gap, this research builds upon two novel dual-channel windcatcher systems to provide a fresh air supply irrespective of the wind direction and allow for passive/low-energy technology integration. The first proposed design is a rotary scoop windcatcher consisting of a rotary wind scoop and a chimney. In this design, the positions of the supply and return duct are “fixed” or would not change under changing wind directions to ensure a consistent fresh air supply, irrespective of wind direction and facilitate the integration of passive/low-energy technologies. An open wind tunnel and test room were employed to experimentally evaluate the ventilation performance of the proposed windcatcher prototype. A Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) model was developed and validated to further evaluate the system's ventilation performance. The results confirmed that the system could supply sufficient fresh air and exhaust stale air under changing wind directions. The validated CFD model was enhanced in the simulations, incorporating technologies such as an anti-short-circuit device, wing walls, wind scoop area, and wind cowl design, to increase the pressure difference between the inlet and outlet and reduce the system friction. The modified windcatcher achieved a 28% improvement in ventilation rate and outperformed a conventional four-sided windcatcher of the same size by up to 58%. Furthermore, the full-scale simulations of the building and windcatcher of varying heights were conducted using an atmospheric boundary layer wind flow to better capture the true nature of the wind flow that the building will encounter in real-world conditions to provide a more realistic assessment of the windcatcher's performance. The second design is a windcatcher with inlet openings equipped with flap fins and a chimney in the middle. As this flap fins louver windcatcher is developed from the rotary scoop windcatcher, the dual-channel design remains for the fixed supply and return duct position for passive/low-energy technology integration. Inspired by the check valve device, the flap fin mechanism allows wind to flow only one way into the windcatcher's supply channel which creates a substitution for the wind scoop. The lightweight flap fin operates via gravity and takes advantage of the wind pressure around the openings to control the airflow. The wind tunnel experiment and CFD simulation model were developed to evaluate the ventilation performance of the proposed windcatcher prototype and investigate the impact of each parameter like the thickness, length, layout of the fins and wind directions. The field test of the flap fins louver windcatcher was also tested in this research. The results showed that the ventilation performance of the flap fin louver windcatcher was independent of the wind direction in the field test and wind tunnel experiment, and the use of lighter and longer fins would enhance the ventilation rate. The current scaled experiment model with a diameter of 20cm could provide about 10L/s fresh air supply at 2m/s environment wind speed with an air change rate over 27 h. Overall, this research contributes to the development of more efficient windcatcher systems for further passive technology integrations, enhancing their viability as sustainable ventilation solutions. Two novel windcatchers were proposed in this research and the ventilation performance of the windcatchers was independent of the environmental wind direction. Passive technologies such as passive heat recovery were integrated into the windcatchers to provide indoor thermal comfort. The ventilation efficiency of the two windcatchers was also higher than the traditional conventional windcatchers

Experimental and numerical evaluation of novel dual-channel windcatchers for energy-saving technology integrations

Windcatchers are utilized in building design as natural ventilation devices, providing fresh air supply and thermal comfort under suitable outdoor conditions. However, their performance is often constrained by environmental factors such as outdoor temperature, wind speed and direction. While passive heating, cooling, and heat recovery devices have been integrated into conventional windcatcher designs, the impact of changing wind conditions, which can render the windcatcher ineffective, is often not considered. Addressing this gap, this research builds upon two novel dual-channel windcatcher systems to provide a fresh air supply irrespective of the wind direction and allow for passive/low-energy technology integration. The first proposed design is a rotary scoop windcatcher consisting of a rotary wind scoop and a chimney. In this design, the positions of the supply and return duct are “fixed” or would not change under changing wind directions to ensure a consistent fresh air supply, irrespective of wind direction and facilitate the integration of passive/low-energy technologies. An open wind tunnel and test room were employed to experimentally evaluate the ventilation performance of the proposed windcatcher prototype. A Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) model was developed and validated to further evaluate the system's ventilation performance. The results confirmed that the system could supply sufficient fresh air and exhaust stale air under changing wind directions. The validated CFD model was enhanced in the simulations, incorporating technologies such as an anti-short-circuit device, wing walls, wind scoop area, and wind cowl design, to increase the pressure difference between the inlet and outlet and reduce the system friction. The modified windcatcher achieved a 28% improvement in ventilation rate and outperformed a conventional four-sided windcatcher of the same size by up to 58%. Furthermore, the full-scale simulations of the building and windcatcher of varying heights were conducted using an atmospheric boundary layer wind flow to better capture the true nature of the wind flow that the building will encounter in real-world conditions to provide a more realistic assessment of the windcatcher's performance. The second design is a windcatcher with inlet openings equipped with flap fins and a chimney in the middle. As this flap fins louver windcatcher is developed from the rotary scoop windcatcher, the dual-channel design remains for the fixed supply and return duct position for passive/low-energy technology integration. Inspired by the check valve device, the flap fin mechanism allows wind to flow only one way into the windcatcher's supply channel which creates a substitution for the wind scoop. The lightweight flap fin operates via gravity and takes advantage of the wind pressure around the openings to control the airflow. The wind tunnel experiment and CFD simulation model were developed to evaluate the ventilation performance of the proposed windcatcher prototype and investigate the impact of each parameter like the thickness, length, layout of the fins and wind directions. The field test of the flap fins louver windcatcher was also tested in this research. The results showed that the ventilation performance of the flap fin louver windcatcher was independent of the wind direction in the field test and wind tunnel experiment, and the use of lighter and longer fins would enhance the ventilation rate. The current scaled experiment model with a diameter of 20cm could provide about 10L/s fresh air supply at 2m/s environment wind speed with an air change rate over 27 h. Overall, this research contributes to the development of more efficient windcatcher systems for further passive technology integrations, enhancing their viability as sustainable ventilation solutions. Two novel windcatchers were proposed in this research and the ventilation performance of the windcatchers was independent of the environmental wind direction. Passive technologies such as passive heat recovery were integrated into the windcatchers to provide indoor thermal comfort. The ventilation efficiency of the two windcatchers was also higher than the traditional conventional windcatchers

Setting the Structural Reform of Supply-Side as the Focus and Shifting the Economic Development Model

To focus on SRSS during the 13th Five-Year Plan period (2016-2020) is a necessary response to the changes of the international economic environment and to China’s goal of achieving the new normal in economic development. The main reason why the focus shifts from changing EDM to reforming the supply-side structure lies in the fact that structural reform boosts the transformation of EDM, and only by accomplishing the former will the latter be realized. Today SRSS is faced with challenges like different ideologies, insufficient conditions and backward regulations. It should be led by the Five Major Development Concepts proposed by President Xi Jinping, “Innovation, coordination, greenness, openness and sharing,” and the “supply-side” and “demand-side” must be simultaneously propelled

SimMTM: A Simple Pre-Training Framework for Masked Time-Series Modeling

Time series analysis is widely used in extensive areas. Recently, to reduce labeling expenses and benefit various tasks, self-supervised pre-training has attracted immense interest. One mainstream paradigm is masked modeling, which successfully pre-trains deep models by learning to reconstruct the masked content based on the unmasked part. However, since the semantic information of time series is mainly contained in temporal variations, the standard way of randomly masking a portion of time points will seriously ruin vital temporal variations of time series, making the reconstruction task too difficult to guide representation learning. We thus present SimMTM, a Simple pre-training framework for Masked Time-series Modeling. By relating masked modeling to manifold learning, SimMTM proposes to recover masked time points by the weighted aggregation of multiple neighbors outside the manifold, which eases the reconstruction task by assembling ruined but complementary temporal variations from multiple masked series. SimMTM further learns to uncover the local structure of the manifold, which is helpful for masked modeling. Experimentally, SimMTM achieves state-of-the-art fine-tuning performance compared to the most advanced time series pre-training methods in two canonical time series analysis tasks: forecasting and classification, covering both in- and cross-domain settings