Women-owned micro and small enterprises in Bhutan : what major obstacles impede their growth and innovation?

The research identified and examined the major obstacles impeding the growth and innovation of Women Micro and Small Enterprises (WMSEs) in Bhutan. The research was carried out using World Bank’s Bhutan Enterprise Survey data (2015) and in-depth interviews of eighty-one micro and small businesswomen. It was noted that increasing number of Bhutanese women has started to participate in economic activities in the recent years. However, the growth in WMSEs has ensued largely in the form of gain in number but not in terms of business innovation and upward progression in the entrepreneurial ladder. These imply that numerous obstacles continue to impede the growth and innovation of WMSEs in Bhutan. What are these obstacles? How could they overcome these obstacles? Using mixed-method, the research has attempted to answer these critical questions. Through triangulation of the results from the quantitative and qualitative analysis, the study concluded that the obstacles needing immediate attention are poor access to finance; labour shortage; inadequate business skills (managerial, financial and technical); competitions among similar enterprises, lack of proper business premises (location, rent and space), lack of formal education, lack of training opportunities, and seasonality of businesses

Nilai dan Kepercayaan Masyarakat Banjar Terhadap “Air Doa” Dari Tuan Guru

Abstract :The belief in the prayer water from Tuan Guru is a belief in the Banjar community to a Tuan Guru to ask for prayer when they are having a problem in their daily life. Prayer water is water that has been read a prayer by Tuan Guru with the source of prayer based on verses from the Holy Qur'an. The writing in this study aims to find out how the people of Banjar believe in the prayer water read by Tuan Guru and find out the values contained in the prayer water belief.The method used in this study is a qualitative research method, the data source is purposive sampling with an ethnographic approach through observation and interview techniques. The results of this study found: 1) Belief in prayer water in the Banjar community is divided into five namely knowledge about origins, reasons for asking for prayer water, motives for asking prayer water, how to pray for prayer water, taboos on prayer water, and the impact of prayer water . 2) The values contained in the belief in the prayer water of Tuan Guru are three values: First, religious values in the form of prayers. Second, social values, namely the existence of friendship, the attitude of helping each other, the existence of affection, the existence of communication and the presence of courtesy towards the Master. Third, the material value is in the form of monetary gifts and gifts in the form of objects, which are given by the community to Tuan Guru after asking for prayer water. The belief in the water of prayer from Tuan Guru in the Banjar community in the village of Karya Jadi, Tabukan District, Barito Kuala Regency, has existed for a long time which was then passed down from generation to generation until now.Keywords: Faith, Prayer Water, Value

Aplikasi Otomatisasi Jaringan Berbasis Command Line Interface Pada Router Cisco Dan Mikrotik

Jaringan komputer adalah jaringan telekomunikasi yang memungkinkan antar komputer untuk saling berkomunikasi dengan bertukar data. Permasalahan sistem jaringan komputer akan muncul apabila terdapat beberapa jaringan komputer yang belum termanajemen dengan baik, hal tersebut mengakibatkan beberapa kendala yang dihadapi dalam aktifitasnya. Otomatisasi jaringan atau network automation dapat membantu dalam menghindari permasalahan sistem jaringan komputer dikarenakan sebelum adanya otomatisasi jaringan konfigurasi dilakukan secara manual dan memerlukan koordinasi yang rumit, namun untuk saat ini otomatisasi jaringan dapat melakukan pekerjaan itu lebih cepat dan akurat dengan batuan tool yang tersedia. Tujuan dalam penulisan ini adalah memperkenalkan otomatisasi jaringan berserta fungsinya untuk mengetahui bagaimana implementasi otomatisasi jaringanpada router Cisco dan Mikrotik. Proses pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara menggunakan studi literatur dengan mempelajari mengenai konsep dan teori pendukung yang berkaitan dengan penulisan ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa konfigurasi router dapat dilakukan lebih cepat dan menghindari kesalahan saat konfigurasi, karena konfigurasi dilakukan oleh sistem aplikasi otomatisasi jaringan dengan menjalankan script yang sudah tersusun. Kata kunci: Command Line Interface, Jaringan Komputer, Otomatisasi Jaringan

N Generalized Conharmonic Curvature Tensor Of The Locally Conformal Kahler Manifold

In this research, the geometrical properties of one of the almost Hermation manifold classes have been studied. In particular, we  study  generalized  conharmonic curvature tensor (  GC curvature tensor)  in some aspects Hermeation manifold (  in particular Of the   Locally Conformal Kahler manifold  (LCK- manifold) .The main results of this study are stated below:- 1)  Proved that this tensor possesses the classical symmetry properties of the Riemannian curvature . 2) Computing  components of  generalized  conharmonic curvature tensor (  GC curvature tensor) in LCK- manifold  . 3) Got some results  and establish relationships between the components of the tensor in this manifold

Comparison of Preoperative Temporal Bone HRCT findings with Intraoperative Findings in Patients with Cholesteatoma

INTRODUCTION: Chronic otitis media attico-antral disease (cholesteatoma) remains a significant health problem in terms of prevalence, economics and sequelae. A variety of standard surgical approaches is currently used for treating it, which are categorized as canal wall up or down approaches. Historically, surgery for Chronic otitis media has been undertaken with only plain x-rays. Recently, high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scanning has evolved as the standard imaging technique for temporal bone, but its exact role in the preoperative assessment of patients with Chronic otitis media attico-antral disease still remains controversial. Many experienced otology surgeons seldom use computed tomography scanning arguing that nature and extent of pathology become evident during surgical dissection. Some otologists use it regularly aiming to evaluate the extension of disease, schedule the surgical technique to be adopted and identify potential risk of complications. Others reserve its utilization for cases in which there is suspicion of complication, recurrence or diagnostic doubt. CT scan findings of acquired cholesteatoma of temporal bone consists of a homogeneous soft tissue mass with local bone erosion, middle ear opacification, erosion of scutum, erosion of ossicles, labyrinthine fistula, erosion of fallopian(facial) canal, erosion of tegmen, sigmoid sinus erosion,widening of aditus ad antrum, and automastoidectomy. Prior knowledge about temporal bone anatomy and the extent of disease may help surgeons plan and choose the appropriate type of surgery and avoid complications. OBJECTIVES: 1. The aim of the work is to study the role of High resolution Computed tomography (HRCT) in determining the extension and site of cholesteatoma and its sac, assessing the ossicles, evaluating the facial nerve canal, the tegmen and sinus plate, and evaluating positions of dura, sigmoid sinus, and jugular bulb. 2. To compare the above with intra-operative findings and proceed the surgery accordingly so as to avoid complications intraoperatively and for better outcome. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective study that includes chronic suppurative otitis media, squamous type (Cholesteatoma). Each patient was subjected to full clinical evaluation and CT temporal boneduring the study period. METHODS: 1. Clinical history to be taken for every patient, and a full ear, nose, and throat (ENT) examination with careful otoscopic and micoscopic ear examination to be done. 2. In addition, a full audiological evaluation in the form of pure tone audiometry, tympanometry to be done. 3. Radiological evaluation temporal bone using CT for all patients. 4. Contrast enhancement for patients with suspected intracranial complications to be done. 5. A thorough review of the findings to be done to demonstrate the anatomy and pathological process. 6. All surgeries to be performed depending upon pre-operative CT picture and the findings intraopertively. 7. All pre-operative and intra-operative findings to be recorded and compared on basis of standard proforma. 8. All data to be statistically analysed and correlated to reach conclusion. RESULTS: A total of 55 patients were included in this study out of patients attending ENT OPD in tertiary care institute during the 1 year study period. The ages of the patients ranged from 9 to 55 years with mean age of 27.3 years. The minimum age in the study was 9 years, and the maximum age was 55 years. The maximum numbers of patients were found in the age group of 9 to 25 years. There were 28 male (51%) and 27 female (49%) patients showing male preponderance with male to female ratio of 1:1.03. Scutum erosion was visualized in all patients and similar findings intra operatively. Incus appeared eroded on CT scan in 25(45.45%) of cases, whereas intra operatively it was seen in 27 (49.09%). Malleus erosion was reported by CT in 10 (18.18%), and whereas intra operatively it was seen in 12(21.81%). Fallopian canal erosion was depicted by CT in 5 (9.09%) cases, whereas intra operatively it was seen in 8 (14.54%). Erosion of lateral semicircular canal was reported only in 5 (9.09%) patients same intra operatively. Sigmoid plate erosion was seen both on CT and during surgery in 7 (12.72%) cases. High Jugular was seen in 5 (9.09%) of the patients which were confirmed intra operatively in all 5 patients. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that preoperative HRCT imaging in cases of cholesteatoma, ossicular chain erosion,and SCC dehiscence have good correlation with intra-operative findings. However, HRCT is not able to distinguish between cholesteatoma and mucosal disease, facial nerve dehiscence, incus and stapes erosions in the early stages. HRCT can act as a guide to the nature of disease, potential dangers and possible complications, and this information can assist the surgeon in the choice of surgery to be performed and better advise the patient on the degree of hearing attainable after surgery