Coming to Terms with Engineering Design as Content

This article addresses the challenges posed by engineering design as a content area of technology education. What adjustments will technology teachers have to make in their approach to teaching and learning when they teach design as engineering in response to the new standards? How faithful to engineering as practiced must their approach be? There is already some advocacy in the literature that greater attention will need to be paid to mathematics and science, where these subjects underpin design. Cotton (2002) proposed that mathematical theories should be applied to design in technology education classrooms, and that students should be encouraged to use mathematics to predict the outcomes of their designs. Neumann (2003) suggested that students should spend more time engaged in research and redesign activities, as is the case in British schools. Roman (2001) encouraged an integrative approach to design that incorporates mathematics and applied science, in keeping with the cross-cutting nature of engineering. Afoot here is a discourse on curriculum integration that raises challenging questions for the field, including whether technology teachers as normatively trained are equipped to venture into the teaching of engineering design

Exchange of Mirex between Lake Ontario and its Tributaries

The 1974 discovery of mirex in Lake Ontario fish by Kaiser (1974) triggered a period of intensive study on the substance within the lake ecosystem. Two Lake Ontario tributaries were identified as sources of mirex. The Niagara River is the major source of mirex (366 kg) to Lake Ontario, while the Oswego River discharge (224 kg) has been attributed to the Armstrong Cork Company in Volney, NY (Holdrinet et al. 1978). Hooker Chemical and Plastics Corporation manufactured and processed mirex at its Niagara Falls, NY. plant from 1957 - 1976 (Task Force on Mirex [TFM] 1977). Peak discharge to the lake occurred in the 1960\u27s and subsequently declined (Durham and Oliver 1983) as follows; 200 kg/yr from 1960 to 1962, 13.3 kg/yr in 1979 and 8 kg/yr in the period 1979 - 1981 (Warry and Chan 1981, Kuntz and Warry 1983, Halfon 1987). A single discharge (~1961) into the watershed of the Oswego River (Holdrinet et al. 1978) continues to supply mirex to the lake ecosystem (Scrudato and DelPrete 1983). Total mirex loading to Lake Ontario has been estimated at 688 kg (Holdrinet et al. 1978) of which half has been incorporated into the sediments (Pickett and Dossett 1979). Continuing losses from dump sites will augment existing mirex levels in Lake Ontario (Warry and Chan 1981, Scrudato and DelPrete 1982, Kuntz and Warry 1983, Halfon 1987). Mirex bioaccumulates at all trophic levels in aquatic systems (TFM 1977). During the period of intensive monitoring from 1975 to 1981 (TFM 1977, Armstrong and Sloan 1980, Insalaco 1980, Norstrom et &· 1978) revealed detectable levels (usually \u3e 5 ppb) of mirex in fish. The top predators (e.g. salmonines) contained the highest concentrations of mirex which often exceeded the U.S. Food and Drug Administration\u27s action level of 0.1 ppm. This knowledge prompted government agencies on both sides of the U.S.- Canadian border to issue health advisories on eating fish from Lake Ontario. A high correlation between mirex levels and organic content of the sediments exists (Scrudato and DelPrete 1983). Availability of mirex to Lake Ontario biota ranges from 200 - 600 years before the contamination is buried by clean sediments (Halfon 1981, cited in Scrudato and DelPrete 1982). Since mirex is considered one of the most stable compounds ever evaluated (Metcalf et al. 1973), it could recycle within the lake ecosystem for many years via resuspension, uptake and bioaccumulation in the foodweb and sedimentation. Another potential mechanism of recycling, not generally considered, is the spawning migration of mirex laden fish. I report here an estimate of the amount of mirex available for recycling back to the Lake Ontario ecosystem by spawning migrations and on the contamination of resident fish in tributaries

A study of various factors in Head Start and Title I programs in twenty school districts.

EducationDoctor of Education (Ed.D.

Microprogramming For Probability Distribution Sampling

Microprogramming of special instructions for sampling of random variates from any probability distribution is a means of increasing sampling speed. The diversity of sampling techniques is narrowed to one general algorithm: conditional bit sampling. Conditional bit sampling uses a high-speed uniform random number generator based on feedback shift registers to sample one bit at a time. The probability of a bit being a one in the j-th position of a binary expanded variate is stored in a table of conditional probabilities. A comparison with the pseudorandom number yields a one or zero. The table of conditional probabilities is generated once and passed through an instruction to the microprogram which performs the sampling. One user instruction is issued for each variate returned

Finding Voice: Two Afro Caribbean Immigrant Members of the Academy Writing ‘Home’

Two Afro Caribbean immigrants share our individual experiences of navigating the United States (US) academy, and the strengths we derived in the process. We explore the questions: How do we make meaning of our experiences as members of the academe? What accounts for our ability to perform, develop, and grow as scholars in the US? We used the writings of local and international scholars as frames for the analyses of our experiences. Our reflections on the situated and peculiar nature of our dispositions as persons of African descent from the Caribbean are not meant to set us apart or create distance from scholars who identify as members of the Black Diaspora. It is a way of coming to know self differently instead of focusing on differences that can become yet another divider. We hope that all persons who can vicariously enter into the experiences might gain strength from our willingness to ‘break the silences that often immobilize us’

Eighteenmile Creek Watershed: The Location of Sources of Pollution

Eighteenmile Creek is one of the six Areas of Concern (AOC) in New York State (Makarewicz and Lewis 2000). The International Joint Commission (IJC) and the Great Lakes community are working on 42 Areas of Concern in the Great Lakes basin where beneficial uses of a waterbody have been identified as impaired. AOCs include harbors, river mouths, and river segments where Remedial Action Plans (RAPs) have beendeveloped and are being implemented to restore and to protect beneficial uses.Fourteen use-impairment indicators have been applied to define water qualityparameters. Eighteenmile Creek has been polluted by past industrial and municipal discharges, by the disposal of waste, and by the use of pesticides. Fish consumption has been impaired by PCBs and dioxins found in the flesh of various game fish. The health of the benthos has also been impaired by PCBs and metals in creek sediments. At the mouth of Eighteenmile Creek on Lake Ontario, dredging restrictions have been placed on the disposal of dredged material from Olcott Harbor. Dredging is needed to maintain recreational boating and requires land-based confined disposal. Other use-impairment indicators in the Remedial Action Plan (RAP) that require further investigation to assess impairment are: the degradation of fish and wildlife populations, fish tumors, bird or animal deformities or reproductive problems, and the degradation of planktonpopulations (Makarewicz and Lewis 2000)

Stressed Stream Analysis of Deep Run and Gage Gully in the Canandaigua Lake Watershed

Deep Run and Gage Gully subwatersheds are located at Canandaigua Lake’s northeast corner. Both subwatersheds are relatively small in size but a three-year monitoring program has identified them as contributing disproportionately high loads of nutrients and suspended solids (soils) to Canandaigua Lake. Within the entire Canandaigua Lake watershed, Deep Run lost the most phosphorus and nitrate per unit area of watershed to Canandaigua Lake (January 1997 to January 2000), while Gage Gully ranked third. Also, the Deep Run and Gage Gully subwatersheds ranked 3rd and 5th for total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) loss and 2nd and 3rd for total suspended solids loss per unit area, respectively in the Canandaigua Lake watershed. Because these two subwatersheds were contributing more nutrients and suspended solids than most subwatersheds of Canandaigua Lake, they have the potential to adversely affect the lake. The policy of maintaining the current high water quality of Canandaigua Lake suggested that the sources of pollution in Gage Gully and Deep Run be identified. With this report, we provide evidence suggesting the location and the intensity of pollution sources in the Deep Run and Gage Gully watersheds

The Loss of Nutrients and Materials from Watersheds Draining Into Lake Neatahwanta Oswego County, NY

Here we report on the status of Lake Neatahwanta and losses of materials and nutrients from the various watersheds draining into the lake. Since 1994, Oswego Soil and Water Conservation District has begun several projects, Best Management Practices, to remediate and reduce loss of nutrients in the watershed. These include installation of rock rip-rap below the gaging station and the confluence of the Summerville and Sheldon Creeks, the installation of rock rip-rap in the drainage path near the gaging station on Sheldon Creek and the installation of fencing preventing cows from entering Sheldon Creek upstream from the gaging station at the Jeff Richards Farm. All of these management practices serve to reduce nutrient and material loss from the watershed to Lake Neatahwanta. This report updates the current status of the Lake Neatahwanta watershed, especially the Sheldon Creek watershed