Benchmark experiments with global climate models applicable to extra-solar gas giant planets in the shallow atmosphere approximation

The growing field of exoplanetary atmospheric modelling has seen little work on standardised benchmark tests for its models, limiting understanding of the dependence of results on specific models and conditions. With spatially resolved observations as yet difficult to obtain, such a test is invaluable. Although an intercomparison test for models of tidally locked gas giant planets has previously been suggested and carried out, the data provided were limited in terms of comparability. Here, the shallow PUMA model is subjected to such a test, and detailed statistics produced to facilitate comparison, with both time means and the associated standard deviations displayed, removing the time dependence and providing a measure of the variability. Model runs have been analysed to determine the variability between resolutions, and the effect of resolution on the energy spectra studied. Superrotation is a robust and reproducible feature at all resolutions

Flexible friends? Flexible working time arrangements, blurred work-life boundaries and friendship

The changing nature and demands of work raise concerns about how workers can find time for activities such as friendship and leisure, which are important for well-being. This article brings friendship into the work-life debate by exploring how individuals do friendship in a period characterised by time dilemmas, blurred work-life boundaries and increased employer- and employee-led flexible working. Interviews with employees selected according to their working time structures were supplemented by time use diaries. Findings indicate that despite various constraints, participants found strategies for making time for friendship by blurring boundaries between friends and family and between friends and work. However, the impacts of flexible working time structures were complex and double-edged

Innervation and Muscle Cell Infiltration of Plastic Compressed Collagen Constructs

Abstract not available

Multifunctional transducer

Several parameters of a small region of a muscle tissue or other object, can be simultaneously measured using with minimal traumatizing or damage of the object, a trifunctional transducer which can determine the force applied by a muscle fiber, the displacement of the fiber, and the change in thickness of the fiber. The transducer has three legs with inner ends joined together and outer ends formed to piece the tissue and remain within it. Two of the legs are relatively stiff, to measure force applied by the tissue, and a third leg is relatively flexible to measure displacement of the tissue relative to one or both stiff legs, and with the three legs lying in a common plane so that the force and displacement measurements all relate to the same direction of muscle movements. A flexible loop is attached to one of the stiff legs to measure changes in muscle thickness, with the upper end of the loop fixed to the leg and the lower end of the loop bearing against the surface of the tissue and being free to slide on the leg

The Lax conjecture is true

In 1958 Lax conjectured that hyperbolic polynomials in three variables are determinants of linear combinations of three symmetric matrices. This conjecture is equivalent to a recent observation of Helton and Vinnikov.Comment: 7 pages, Proceedings to the AMS, to appear. Added background materia

Time-Dependent Invariants for Dirac Equation and Newton-Wigner Position Operator

For Dirac equation, operator-invariants containing explicit time-dependence in parallel to known time-dependent invariants of nonrelativistic Schr\"odinger equation are introduced and discussed. As an example, a free Dirac particle is considered and new invariants are constructed for it. The integral of motion, which is initial Newton-Wigner position operator, is obtained explicitly for a free Dirac particle. For such particle with kick modeled by delta-function of time, the time-depending integral, which has physical meaning of initial momentum, is found.Comment: LATEX,21 pages,submitted to Physica Script

Teaching While Black and Female: Navigating Mental, Curricular, and Professional Aggression

It is evident that many Black women teachers (BWTs) are leaving the teaching profession due to mental and emotional health, professional and collegial relationships, as well as curricular and school culture. In this article, we use the story of Alicia to explore the instructional, professional, and emotional stress that many Black women teachers endure. We also provide highlight theoretical constructs and practical applications that can impact BWTs. In addition, we examine approaches that engage the retention of Black women teachers through a process of personal and professional support systems

Electron-impact excitation of X 1Sigma_g⁺(v[double-prime]=0) to the a[double-prime] 1Sigma_g⁺, b 1Piu, c3 1Piu, o3 1Piu, b[prime] 1Sigma_u⁺, c₄^[prime] 1Sigma_u⁺, G 3Piu, and F 3Piu states of molecular nitrogen

Measurements of differential cross sections (DCSs) for electron-impact excitation of the a[double-prime] 1Sigmag+, b 1Piu, c3 1Piu, o3 1Piu, b[prime] 1Sigmau+, c4[prime] 1Sigmau+, G 3Piu, and F 3Piu states in N2 from the X 1Sigmag+(v[double-prime]=0) ground level are presented. The DCSs were obtained from energy-loss spectra in the region of 12 to 13.82 eV measured at incident energies of 17.5, 20, 30, 50, and 100 eV and for scattering angles ranging from 2° to 130°. The analysis of the spectra follows a different algorithm from that employed in a previous study of N2 for the valence states [Khakoo et al. Phys. Rev. A 71, 062703 (2005)], since the 1Piu and 1Sigmau+ states form strongly interacting Rydberg-valence series. The results are compared with existing data

Dark Before Light: Testing the Cosmic Expansion History through the Cosmic Microwave Background

The cosmic expansion history proceeds in broad terms from a radiation dominated epoch to matter domination to an accelerated, dark energy dominated epoch. We investigate whether intermittent periods of acceleration are possible in the early universe -- between Big Bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) and recombination and beyond. We establish that the standard picture is remarkably robust: observations of anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background exclude any extra period of accelerated expansion between 1 \leq z \lesssim 10^5 (corresponding to 5\times10^{-4}\ {\rm eV} \leq T \lesssim 25\ {\rm eV}).Comment: 7 pages, 5 figure