840 research outputs found
Misc. Pub. 99-6
Sausages, one of the oldest forms of processed food, are a means of using and preserving animal
trimmings. The hot dog is a specialized sausage. It originated in Germany where it was named “dachshund”
sausage because it looked like the popular badger (dachs) hound (hund). The U.S. hot dog originated
at the Polo Grounds in New York. Vendors hawked dachshund sausages in buns while a sports
cartoonist sketched a barking dachshund nestled warmly in a bun. He labeled the cartoon “hot dog”.
Today the hot dog enjoys popularity throughout the world
The Economics of Barley Production in the Delta Junction Area of Interior Alaska
The discovery of oil at Prudhoe Bay on the north slope of Alaska and
the subsequent initial lease sale for rights to drill for oil on state land marked
the beginning of a new era in the economy of the state. Construction of
the trans-Alaska pipeline to carry oil 860 miles from the northern coast
to the port of Valdez brought jobs to the state and increased personal income
for many residents. When oil began to flow, the state began to receive
revenues from royalty oil sales.
Wealth from oil revenues made it possible for the state to support the
development of Alaska's renewable resources. One of the resources considered
was land which had been classified as having potential for production
of agricultural products . There had been attempts in the past by
the Federal and state governments to increase substantially agricultural
production in Alaska, but none were completely successful (Stone 1950,
Burton 1971, Snodgrass et a!. 1982, Lewis et al. 1987)
Circular 73
An assessment of Growth of Infrastructure
Booms have been a common element in the development of frontier areas in the 19th and 20th
centuries. Most commonly, the booms have been associated with resource development such as the
mineral booms of the western United States. Booms usually involve some type of dramatic short-
term change which has wide-ranging implications (Gilmore, 1976).
Since the arrival of the Russians in Alaska, six major booms have occurred: furs, whales,
salmon, minerals, military, and petroleum. Each of these booms has, to some degree, created changes
in the landscape of Alaska, in particular, the infrastructural base, which in turn has facilitated subsequent development, either another major boom, or a smaller development. For example, agricultural
development has been enhanced by mineral, military, and petroleum booms in Alaska. The cumulative impact on infrastructure of more than one boom, or multibooms, as it is referred to here, is the
focus of this paper.
One problem encountered in studying booms is that there is no general agreement on what
constitutes a boom. Detailed studies of booms in communities such as Dixon’s (1978) analysis of
Fairbanks and Gilmore’s multi-community work in the Great Plains—Rocky •mountain regions,
contained no specific definition of the term “boom”. Yet it was clear in each study that something
dramatic had occurred. More general historical studies of the Western mineral bonanzas (Greever,
1963) or the Klondike gold rush (Berton, 1958) likewise suggest a number of factors such as population rise, influx of money, resource extraction, and infrastructure expansion. But in each case, there
is no specific factor or define rate of something that specifically qualifies a time period as a boom. In
this study, we are concerned with dramatic change of events which have had a major impact on the
geographic landscape of an area, As a framework for the initial study, we review those events which
have been given attention as boom-type activities in the historical literature of Alaska (Rogers, 1962;
Naske and Slotnick, 1987)
Misc. Pub. 92-3
Entrance to the Chena Hot Springs Road is only 5 miles from
downtown Fairbanks. The road provides an excellent opportunity
to see an example o f the diversity of agricultural
production in the Tanana Valley
Cyclic hydrostatic pressure and cotton particles stimulate synthesis by human lung macrophages of cytokines in vitro
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Inhalation of particulates is a leading cause of the development of lung diseases and current understanding of the complex relationship between lung metabolism and airborne particulates is incomplete. It is well established that mechanical load is important in the development of the lung and in lung cell differentiation. The interaction between particle exposure and physical forces on alveolar macrophages is a physiologically relevant issue, but as yet understudied. This study examines the effect of cyclic hydrostatic pressure and cotton particles on synthesis of cytokines by human alveolar macrophages.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Alveolar macrophages were obtained from patients with lung disease, either from lavage samples or from lung tissue resection. The commonly used cell line THP-1 was included in the experiments. Cell cultures were exposed to cotton particles and/cyclic hydrostatic pressure (3 or 5 psi); control cultures were exposed to medium only. TNFα, IL-1β and IL-6 were assayed in the culture media using specific ELISAs. Cells were characterized using morphology and markers specific for macrophages (Jenner/Giemsa staining, CD14 and CD68).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Exposure to cotton particles stimulated cytokine synthesis by macrophages from all three sources; exposure to cyclic hydrostatic pressure alone did not stimulate cytokine synthesis significantly. However, the combination of both particles and cyclic hydrostatic pressure increased the simulation of cytokine synthesis still further. Cell characterization demonstrated that the large majority of cells had a macrophage morphology and were positive for CD14 and CD68.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These data suggest an interaction between cyclic hydrostatic pressure and particulate exposure, which increases alveolar macrophage cytokine production. This interaction was only observed at the higher cyclic hydrostatic pressure. However, in patient samples, there was considerable variation in the amount by which secretion of an individual cytokine increased and there was also variation in the mechanosensitivity of cells from the three different sources. Cyclic hydrostatic pressure, therefore, may be an important modulator of the response of alveolar macrophages to cotton particles, but the source of the cells may be a confounding factor which demands further investigation.</p
CubeSat Measures World's First Ice Cloud Map to Support Climate Research
Virginia Diodes, Inc. received NASA SBIR Awards to fund research and development for a lesser developed region of the electromagnetic spectrumterahertz waves. Their work led to funding from NASA ESTO, and the resulting CubeSat (named IceCube) captured the worlds first ice cloud map, which will contribute to our understanding of Earths climat
Circular 64
Treatment of Alaska-produced food products by ionizing radiation may
benefit the seafood and agricultural industries and the Alaskan consumer. A
feasibility study to evaluate the potential social and economic benefits and
risks as well as the costs of using the process in Alaska on Alaskan products is being coordinated
by the Institute of Northern Engineering. A research and development project to determine
effects on the quality o f Alaskan products could be the next phase in the introduction o f a new
food-preservation technique
to Alaska
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