Le marketing dans la domaine bancaire

Le système bancaire est un des éléments les plus im portants de l’économie du pays, puisque, en utilisant des ressources monétair es disponibles, elle en transforme en capital actif, qui opère sur le marché. Аujourd’ hui оn observe la tendance négative du développement de la sphère bancaire de l’Ukraine

Inherited Disorders of Water Handling

Under normal circumstances, about 90% of the 180 L/day glomerular filtrate is constitutively reabsorbed in the proximal tubule and descending limb of Henle’s loop. According to the needs, the remaining 10% of the fluid is reabsorbed in the collecting duct by a tightly regulated process under control of arginine vasopressin (AVP). After binding of AVP to arginine vasopressin type 2 receptors (AVPR2) in the basolateral membrane of collecting duct cells, aquaporin-2 (AQP2) water channels are inserted into the luminal membrane of these cells, allowing water reabsorption and urine concentration. Disorders of water handling are characterized by disturbances of this AVP-regulated system. In congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI), the kidney cannot concentrate urine in response to AVP, as a result of loss-of-function mutations in genes encoding AVPR2 and AQP2, resulting in polyuria and polydipsia. In recent years, extensive research has led to increased understanding of the cellular defects in NDI, with important implications for future development of targeted treatment of the disorder, with hope for better outcomes in comparison to the conventional symptomatic therapy. The very rare nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (NSIAD), caused by gain-of-function mutations in the gene encoding AVPR2, is the mirror image of NDI. In this disorder, urinary dilution is impaired, independent of the presence or absence of AVP. In this chapter, the focus will be on the physiology of water handling in the collecting duct and on its disturbances in congenital NDI. The clinical details, differential diagnosis, genetics, and conventional and possible future therapies of NDI will be discussed in detail.</p

Halitosis in cystinosis patients after administration of immediate-release cysteamine bitartrate compared to delayed-release cysteamine bitartrate

Halitosis due to dimethylsulfide (DMS) generation is a major side effect of cysteamine in the treatment of cystinosis. Recently, an enteric coated formulation of cysteamine bitartrate (RP103) administered twice daily was demonstrated to be non-inferior for lowering WBC cystine levels compared to the non-enteric coated formulation (Cystagon(R)), administered 4 times per day. Since both formulations had different pharmacokinetic profiles, we compared DMS breath levels after administration of either RP103 or Cystagon(R) in four cystinosis patients. Although cysteamine areas under the curve (AUCs) were comparable, AUC of DMS was lower after the administration of RP103 compared to Cystagon(R). This observation is of importance in cystinosis patients, since halitosis hampers compliance with cysteamine therapy. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Properties of Factorial Cumulant to Factorial Moment Ratio

It is shown that the ratio of factorial cumulant moments to factorial moments for a multiplicity distribution truncated in the tail reveals oscillations in sign similar to those observed in experimental data. It is suggested that this effect be taken into account in the analysis of data in order to obtain correct physical information on the multiplicity distributions.Comment: (LaTeX + epsfig, 8 pages including 3 PostScript figures, all encoded via uufiles), DFTT 46/9

Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Children with Primary Vesicoureteral Reflux: Where Do We Stand Today?

The main goal of the management of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs), and thereby prevention of renal parenchymal damage possibly ensuing from these infections. Long-term antibiotic prophylaxis is common practice in the management of children with VUR, as recommended in 1997 in the guidelines of the American Urological Association. We performed a systematic review to ascertain whether antibiotics can be safely discontinued in children with VUR and whether prophylaxis is effective in the prevention of recurrent UTIs and renal damage in these patients. Several uncontrolled studies indicate that antibiotic prophylaxis can be discontinued in a subset of patients, that is, school-aged children with low-grade VUR, normal voiding patterns, kidneys without hydronephrosis or scars, and normal anatomy of the urogenital system. Furthermore, a few recent randomized controlled trials suggest that antibiotic prophylaxis offers no advantage over intermittent antibiotic therapy of UTIs in terms of prevention of recurrent UTIs or new renal damage

Glomerular Filtration Rate in Former Extreme Low Birth Weight Infants over the Full Pediatric Age Range: A Pooled Analysis

Various cohort studies document a lower glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in former extremely low birth weight (ELBW, <1000 g) neonates throughout childhood when compared to term controls. The current aim is to pool these studies to describe the GFR pattern over the pediatric age range. To do so, we conducted a systematic review on studies reporting on GFR measurements in former ELBW cases while GFR data of healthy age-matched controls included in these studies were co-collected. Based on 248 hits, 6 case-control and 3 cohort studies were identified, with 444 GFR measurements in 380 former ELBW cases (median age 5.3-20.7 years). The majority were small (17-78 cases) single center studies, with heterogeneity in GFR measurement (inulin, cystatin C or creatinine estimated GFR formulae) tools. Despite this, the median GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) within case-control studies was consistently lower (-13%, range -8% to -25%) in cases, so that a relevant minority (15-30%) has a eGFR<90 mL/min/1.73 m2). Consequently, this pooled analysis describes a consistent pattern of reduced eGFR in former ELBW cases throughout childhood. Research should focus on perinatal risk factors for impaired GFR and long-term outcome, but is hampered by single center cohorts, study size and heterogeneity of GFR assessment tools