Much Ado About Nothing: British Non-Intervention During The American Civil War

During the American Civil War the Federals and Confederates believed that Britain was likely to intervene. This belief is pervasive in current historiography, which argues that Britain was constantly on the threshold of interfering in the American conflict. Taking a longer view of the Anglo-American diplomatic relationship, as well as the relevance of contextual British economic, social, political and foreign policy interests and limitations, this thesis argues that Britain was never going to abandon neutrality. Drawing on the personal papers and official correspondence of diplomats and politicians, it becomes clear that occasionally aggressive transatlantic rhetoric was a negotiating strategy for two nations concerned with maintaining peace at all costs

The CLAVATA and SHOOT MERISTEMLESS loci competitively regulate meristem activity in Arabidopsis

The CLAVATA (CLV1 and CLV3) and SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM) genes specifically regulate shoot meristem development in Arabidopsis. CLV and STH appear to have opposite functions: c1v1 and Clv3 mutants accumulate excess undifferentiated cells in the shoot and floral meristem, while stm mutants fail to form the undifferentiated cells of the shoot meristem during embryonic development. We have identified a weak allele of stm (stm-2) that reveals STM is not only required for the establish- ment of the shoot meristem, but is also required for the continued maintenance of undifferentiated cells in the shoot meristem and for proper proliferation of cells in the floral meristem. We have found evidence of genetic interactions between the CLV and STM loci. clv1 and c1v3 mutations partially suppressed the stm-1 and stm-2 phenotypes, and were capable of suppression in a dominant fashion. clv stm double mutants and plants homozygous for stm but heterozygous for clv, while still lacking an embryonic shoot meristem, exhibited greatly enhanced postembryonic shoot and floral meristem development. Although stm phenotypes are recessive, stm mutations dominantly suppressed clv homozygous and heterozygous phenotypes. These results indicate that the stm phenotype is sensitive to the levels of CLV activity, while the clv phenotype is sensitive to the level of STM activity. We propose that these genes play related but opposing roles in the regulation of cell division and/or cell differentiation in shoot and floral meristems

The symplectic Verlinde algebras and string K‐theory

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/135301/1/topo0901.pd