13 research outputs found
Dance as physical exercise for older people
The importance of adequate physical activity for older people cannot be overestimated. Evidence exists that
physical exercise can improve quality of life; benefit brain areas involved with executive control; delay the age-related
decline in functional ability; offer a degree of protection against certain physical and mental disorders;
reduce the prevalence of falls by improving flexibility, balance, and muscle strength; and potentially promote
longevity. On cellular and molecular levels, aging is said to be marked by genomic instability, telomere attrition,
epigenetic alterations, impaired protein homeostasis, deregulation of systems involved in nutrient sensing, a decline
in mitochondrial integrity and biogenesis, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, and changes in intercellular
communication. Plausible indications are that physical activity, especially aerobic and resistance training, can
have positive anti-aging effects through attenuation of such cellular and molecular mechanisms.
Not everyone likes structured exercise; however, various alternatives exist. One alternative is recreational dancing
– an activity primarily selected for fun and social interaction, rather than health benefits. We briefly examined the
potential benefits of amateur/recreational dance, as a form of exercise, for the health and well-being of older people.
A literature search was performed through electronic databases as well as manually. Electronic databases searched
were EBSCOhost Research Interface databases; Academic Search Complete; APA; CINAHL and MEDLINE.http://www.sajs.co.zahj2021Internal MedicinePsychiatr
The kynurenine pathway activities in a sub-Saharan HIV/AIDS population
BACKGROUND : Tryptophan is an essential amino acid for the synthesis of proteins and important metabolites such as
serotonin, melatonin, tryptamine and niacin. After protein synthesis, more than 90 % of tryptophan catabolism
occurs along the kynurenine pathway. The inflammation-inducible enzyme indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) is
responsible for the first rate-limiting step in the kynurenine pathway, i.e., oxidation of tryptophan to kynurenine.
Excessive IDO activity in conditions such as HIV/AIDS may lead to tryptophan depletion and accumulation of
metabolites downstream from kynurenine. Little is known about the kynurenine pathway of HIV/AIDS patients in
sub-Saharan regions. This study, in a low income sub-Saharan HIV/AIDS population, examined the effects of
activities in the kynurenine pathway on plasma levels of tryptophan, kynurenine and the neurotoxin quinolinic acid,
and on de novo synthesis of nicotinamide.
METHODS : Plasma samples were obtained from a cohort of 105 HIV patients and 60 controls. Kynurenine pathway
metabolites were analysed using gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. ELISA and flow cytometry were used
to assess plasma inflammatory markers.
RESULTS : IDO activity, depletion of tryptophan, as well as accumulation of kynurenine and the neurotoxin quinolinic
acid, were not only significantly greater in the patients than in the controls, but also markedly greater than in
HIV/AIDS patients from developed countries. Tryptophan levels were 12.3 % higher, kynurenine levels 16.2 % lower,
quinolinic acid levels 43.2 % lower and nicotinamide levels 27,2 % lower in patients on antiretroviral treatment than
in antiretroviral-naïve patients. Patients’ kynurenine pathway metabolites correlated with the levels of inflammatory
markers, including that of the major IDO-inducer, interferon-gamma. Indications are that the rate of de novo
synthesis of nicotinamide in the kynurenine pathway correlates with increases in quinolinic acid levels up to a point
where saturation of the enzyme quinolinate phosphoribosyl transferase occurs.
CONCLUSIONS : Higher levels of inflammatory activity in this low income sub-Saharan HIV/AIDS population than in
patients from developed countries lead to greater tryptophan depletion and greater accumulation of metabolites
downstream from tryptophan with quinolinic acid levels often reaching levels associated with the development of
HIV/AIDS-associated neurocognitive dysfunction. De novo synthesis of nicotinamide from quinolinic acid contributes
to the maintenance of nicotinamide, and by implication NAD levels, in HIV/AIDS patients from low income
populations. Antiretroviral treatment partially corrects disturbances in the kynurenine pathway.Medical Research Council of South Africa and the South African Sugar Association (SASA Project 213).http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcinfectdis/hb201
Levels of procalcitonin, C-reactive protein and neopterin in patients with advanced HIV-1 infection
OBJECTIVES: To compare the value of procalcitonin,
C-reactive protein (CRP) and neopterin as indicators of
immune deficiency, co-infection, efficacy of treatment,
and disease progression, in patients with advanced HIV-1
infection.
DESIGN: Cross-sectional, investigating baseline blood
measurements and clinical observations in 82 HIV-positive
patients divided into an antiretroviral treatment (ART)
group and an ART-naïve group.
SETTING: Secondary general hospital in Pretoria.
RESULTS: Procalcitonin and CRP levels showed no
significant differences between the ART and ART-naïve
groups, and no correlations with CD4 counts or viral loads.
CRP levels were significantly higher with TB co-infection
(p<0.05). Neopterin levels were raised above normal in 92%
of the ART-naïve group and in 75% of the ART group. The
levels were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the ART- naïve
group. Negative correlations were found between neopterin
and CD4 counts for the total patient group (r=-0.482;
p<0.001). Neopterin was significantly (p<0.05) higher in
the HIV/TB co-infection group than in those without TB.
Higher neopterin levels at baseline were associated with a
decline in CD4 counts over the ensuing 6-month period,
and patients with higher baseline neopterin levels developed
more complications over the 6-month period.
CONCLUSIONS: Compared with procalcitonin and CRP,
neopterin appears to be associated with the degree of
immunodeficiency and of co-infection with TB. Neopterin
levels may be investigated further as a measure of disease
progression or treatment response.The Medical Research Council of
South Africa (MRC grant A0S541) and the South
African Sugar Association (SASA grant 213).www.sajhivmed.org.z
Tryptophan depletion in context of the inflammatory and general nutritional status of a low-income South African HIV-infected population
BACKGROUND : The essential amino acid tryptophan cannot be synthesised in the body and must be acquired
through dietary intake. Oxidation of tryptophan, due to immune induction of the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-
dioxygenase (IDO), is considered to be the main cause of tryptophan depletion in HIV infection and AIDS.
We examined plasma tryptophan levels in a low-income sub-Saharan HIV-infected population and compared it to
that of developed countries. Tryptophan levels were further examined in context of the general nutritional and
inflammatory status.
METHODS : This cross-sectional study included 105 HIV-positive patients recruited from the Kalafong Hospital in
Pretoria, South Africa, and 60 HIV-negative controls.
RESULTS : Patient tryptophan levels were in general markedly lower than those reported for developed countries. In
contrast to reports from developed countries that showed tryptophan levels on average to be 18.8 % lower than
their control values, tryptophan levels in our study were 44.1 % lower than our controls (24.4 ± 4.1 vs. 43.6 ±
11.9 μmol/l; p < 0.001). Tryptophan levels correlated with both CD4 counts (r = 0.341; p = 0.004) and with proinflammatory
activity as indicated by neopterin levels (r = −0.399; p = 0.0001). Nutritional indicators such as albumin
and haemoglobin correlated positively with tryptophan and negatively with the pro-inflammatory indicators
neopterin, interleukin 6 and C-reactive protein. The most probable causes of the lower tryptophan levels seen in
our population are food insecurity and higher levels of inflammatory activity.
CONCLUSIONS : We contend that inflammation-induced tryptophan depletion forms part of a much wider effect of
pro-inflammatory activity on the nutritional profile of HIV-infected patients.MV was the project leader. PB developed and validated the GC-MS method for
the analysis of tryptophan and performed the biochemical and immunological
analyses. MV and PB were responsible for the project design, analyses of the
results and writing of the manuscript. PL was involved in the sourcing of
patients and the clinical examination of all patients.The authors wish to thank the participants and staff of the Immunology
Clinic at Kalafong Hospital and the South African National Blood Service at
the Pretoria West satellite site.This research was supported by grant funding
received from the Medical Research Council of South Africa and the South
African Sugar Association (SASA Project 213).http://www.jhpn.net/index.php/jhpnam2016Internal MedicinePhysiologyPsychiatr
A non-specific biomarker of disease activity in HIV/AIDS patients from resource-limited environments
BACKGROUND : A general non-specific marker of disease activity that could alert the clinician and prompt further investigation
would be of value in patients with HIV/AIDS, especially in resource limited environments.
OBJECTIVE : To investigate the potential of neopterin as non-specific biomarker in patients with advanced HIV/AIDS.
METHODS : Cross-sectional study in 105 HIV positive patients (75 on highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART). Neopterin
was assessed by enzyme linked immune-absorbent assay and cytokines by flow cytometry.
RESULTS : Neopterin levels were significantly higher (p<0.001) for the total patient than for the control group. Significant
correlations between neopterin and plasma indicators of inflammation showed neopterin to be a good indicator of active
inflammatory status and of the effect of HAART on the immune system. Neopterin was superior to C-reactive protein and
to individual cytokines as indicator of immune deficiency. Increased neopterin levels were associated with a decline in albumin,
haemoglobin and the albumin/globulin ratio, and with increases in red cell distribution width.
CONCLUSIONS : Plasma neopterin is a good non-specific biomarker of disease activity in HIV/AIDS patients. It is a good
indicator of inflammatory activity, perpetuation of inflammation-associated co-morbidities, degree of immune deficiency
and has predictive value for underlying disease, and for monitoring the HAART response.The Medical Research Council of South
African and the South African Sugar Association.http://www.bioline.org.br/hsam2016Internal MedicinePhysiologyPsychiatr
Radiological chest manifestations in diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome (DILS)
This report focuses on the radiological manifestations of diffuse
interstitial lymphocytosis syndrome (DILS) in the chest. Awareness
of this entity and early diagnosis by radiologists will enable timeous
intervention by clinicians.http://www.journals.co.za/sama/m_sajr.htm
Expression of the H- and L-subunits of ferritin in bone marrow macrophages of patients with osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis is a disease characterized by an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in afflicted joints. Excess iron, due to its role in the production of ROS and crystal deposition in the joints, is implicated in the disease progression of osteoarthritis. Ferritin is a major regulator of the bioavailability of iron, and its functions are determined largely by the combination of H- and L-subunits present in its outer protein shell. The purpose of the study was to investigate the expression of the H- and L-subunits of ferritin in bone marrow macrophages of osteoarthritis patients. The cytokine profiles were assessed as cytokines play an important role in the expression of the ferritin subunits. The H-subunit of ferritin in the bone marrow macrophages was significantly higher (P value = 0.035) in the osteoarthritis patients compared with the controls (107.84; 69.25–167.94 counts/μm2; n= 7 versus 71.07; 58.56–86.26 counts/μm2; n= 19). A marginally significant increase (P value = 0.059) was shown for the expression of the L-subunit in the osteoarthritis patients compared with the controls (133.03; 104.04–170.10 counts/μm2; n= 7 versus 104.23; 91.53–118.70 counts/μm2; n= 19). The osteoarthritis and control groups had comparable C-reactive protein, as well as proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine concentrations. The major exception was for transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), which was higher (P value = 0.014) in the plasma of the osteoarthritis patients (16.69; 13.09–21.28 ng/mL; n= 7 versus 8.60; 6.34–11.67 ng/mL; n= 19). Up-regulation of the ferritin subunits decreases the levels of bioavailable iron and provides protection against the unwarranted production of ROS and crystal deposition. A role for TGF-β in the up-regulation of the expression of the H-subunit, and possibly the L-subunit, of ferritin is postulated in osteoarthritis.The Skye foundation and the University of
Pretoria’s Postgraduate Mentor Bursary Programme.http://ebm.sagepub.comhb2017Physiolog
Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome (DILS)
Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome (DILS) is characterised by a persistent CD8+ lymphocytosis and lymphocytic infiltration of various organs. The reported prevalence varies between 0.85 – 3%, and appears to be more common in Africans. Patients with DILS tend to have higher CD4+ cell counts and survive longer than those patients without DILS. Most patients present with bilateral parotid gland enlargement and features of the Sicca syndrome. Extraglandular involvement is common with the lungs being the most common site, followed by peripheral neuropathy and liver involvement. DILS is a benign presentation in most patients with few complications. Therapeutic trials are lacking although there are isolated reports of good response to antiretroviral and steroid therapy. With the high incidence of HIV in our population it is likely that DILS is under diagnosed probably due to our ignorance of this disease. Awareness of its various presentations may bring to light undiscovered patients with DILS