DIGESTION OF HIGH FIBER DIET IN SHEEP AND GOAT OF JENEPPONTO

Four does (goat, G) and four ewes (sheep, S) of Jeneponto were fed chaffed rice straw hay (3.7%crude protein, 63.5% cell wall constituents, 44.5% acid detergent fiber and 6.2% acid detergent lignin,all based on dry matter). The intakes and digestibility of the diet by G and S were compared. Bothspecies consumed the same level of the diet. G digested dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, crudefiber, and lignin of the diet to a significant higher extent than did by S. The superiority of G over S indigesting the diet was attributable with longer retention time of ruminal fluid and particulate matters inthe rumen and the entire gut, which then resulted in higher proportion of small size particles (<1 mmsieve), higher proportions of propionic, butyric, valeric and isovaleric acid concentrations produced inthe rumen. Additionally for further studies, there were some possibilities of G having a better chewingactivity (duration and intensity), and ability to maintain higher rumen ammonia levels by a greater urearecycle to the rumen, particularly through salivation

Thermoregulation and Water Balance in Fat-Tailed Sheep and Kacang Goat Under Sunlight exposure and Water Restriction in a Hot and Dry Area

The objective of this study was to analyze differences in thermoregulation and water balance under conditions of heat load and water restriction between fat-tailed sheep (S) and Kacang goats (G). The daily intakes of food and water, daily outputs of urine and feces, rectal temperature, respiration rates, hematocrit values and plasma volumes of five shorn S and five G were determined over 10 days of four consecutive experimental conditions: (1) indoor ??? unrestricted water; (2) indoor ??? restricted\ud \ud water; (3) 10 h sunlight exposure ??? unrestricted water; and (4) 10 h sunlight exposure ??? restricted water. There was a 6- to 7-day adjustment period between two consecutive conditions. The study was conducted during the dry season. The animals were placed in individual cages, fed chopped native grass ad libitum and had free access to a urea???molasses multi-nutrient block. Under sunlight exposure with unrestricted water availability, S and G record an increase in the maximum rectal temperatures from 39.28C to 40.28C and from 39.98C to 41.88C, respectively. The thermoregulatory strategy used by S for maintaining a lower rectal temperature mostly depends on increasing the respiration rate as the main cooling mechanism. On the other hand, G apparently used sweating as the predominant mechanism for cooling. Moreover, G seemed to be more tolerable to higher heat storage and body temperature than S with a significant increase in plasma volume ( P , 0.01), and this may be beneficial to the animals for the prevention of water loss. Under restricted water condition in either indoor or outdoor environment, both species decreased their plasma volume significantly, but rectal temperatures were relatively maintained. In all experimental conditions, the daily total water exchanges (ml/kg0.82 per day) of S were significantly higher than G ( P , 0.01). However, when the percentages of the total daily water exchange were considered, the water lost through urination (38% to 39%), defecation (11% to 14%) and evaporation (46% to 49%) by S and G was not significantly different. Therefore, the results from this study clearly showed that S and G have different homeostatic strategies for the regulation of body temperature and fluid to cope with heat load and water restriction. These differences may have an important impact on the production management of S and G

HYPOCHOLESTEROLEMIC EFFECT OF GARLIC POWDER IN LAYING HEN: LOW CHOLESTEROL EGG?

Forty laying hens Hysex Brown consisting of 2 age groups (27 and 77 weeks of age) were used inthe study to elucidate the hypocholesterolemic effect of garlic powder on egg production, serum and eggcholesterol. They were caged individually and fed diet containing 0 (control), 1, 2, and 4% oven driedgarlic powder for 4 periods of 4 weeks. The old hens consumed more food compared to those of theyoung one, while water consumption was in the reverse condition. The egg production indicated by theyoung hens fed dietary 1 and 2% garlic powder was significantly higher than those fed control diet.However, the old hens produced heavier eggs than those of the young hens, particularly when 1% garlicpowder was supplemented. There was a closed relationship between serum and egg cholesterol, whichreduced gradually with longer time the hens fed dietary garlic. The results clearly demonstrated that thelaying hens fed dietary garlic powder up to 4% produced egg containing lower cholesterol (-34%)compared to those fed control diet; The hypocholesterolemic effect of garlic powder is apparently higherin the old hen compared to that in the young hen

Carbon Dynamics in Rewetted Tropical Peat Swamp Forests

Degraded and drained peat swamp forests (PSFs) are major sources of carbon emissions in the forestry sector. Rewetting interventions aim to reduce carbon loss and to enhance the carbon stock. However, studies of rewetting interventions in tropical PSFs are still limited. This study examined the effect of rewetting interventions on carbon dynamics at a rewetted site and an undrained site. We measured aboveground carbon (AGC), belowground carbon (BGC), litterfall, heterotrophic components of soil respiration (Rh), methane emissions (CH4), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration at both sites. We found that the total carbon stock at the rewetted site was slightly lower than at the undrained site (1886.73 ± 87.69 and 2106.23 ± 214.33 Mg C ha−1, respectively). The soil organic carbon (SOC) was 1685 ± 61 Mg C ha−1 and 1912 ± 190 Mg C ha−1 at the rewetted and undrained sites, respectively, and the carbon from litterfall was 4.68 ± 0.30 and 3.92 ± 0.34 Mg C ha−1 year−1, respectively. The annual average Rh was 4.06 ± 0.02 Mg C ha−1 year−1 at the rewetted site and was 3.96 ± 0.16 Mg C ha−1 year−1 at the undrained site. In contrast, the annual average CH4 emissions were −0.0015 ± 0.00 Mg C ha−1 year−1 at the rewetted site and 0.056 ± 0.000 Mg C ha−1 year−1 at the undrained site. In the rewetted condition, carbon from litter may become stable over a longer period. Consequently, carbon loss and gain mainly depend on the magnitude of peat decomposition (Rh) and CH4 emissions

Increasing fibroblasts and gingival collagen density in periodontitis rats by using cassava leaf extract

المخلص: أهداف البحث: يمكن أن تثير بكتيريا بورفيروموناس لثوية التي تعتبر العامل الرئيسي لإلتهاب اللثة استجابة مناعية. يمكن أن يقلل الالتهاب عدد الخلايا الليفية ويسبب تدمير الكولاجين، مما يؤدي إلى فقدان التثبيت. للخلايا الليفية والكولاجين دور هام في عملية التئام التهاب اللثة. اختبرت هذه الدراسة إمكانية استخراج ورقة الكاسافا في زيادة عدد الخلايا الليفية وكثافة الكولاجين في لثة فئران مصابة بإلتهاب اللثة. طرق البحث: كانت هذه دراسة تجريبية مخبرية مع تصميم مجموعة تحكم بعد اختبار وحيد. تم تقسيم 24 فأرا من نوع ويستر ذكورا إلى 4 مجموعات، وهي (1) مجموعة التحكم، (2) المجموعة المستحثة بواسطة بورفيروموناس لثوية والتي تعطى ماء مقطر، (3) المجموعة المستحثة بواسطة بورفيروموناس لثوية والتي تعطى مترونيدازول، (4) المجموعة المستحثة بواسطة بورفيروموناس لثوية والتي تعطى مستخلص ورقة الكاسافا. تم أخذ نسيج اللثة بعد قتل المرحمة، ثم تم إعداد التحضيرات الهستولوجية، وتمت ملاحظة الخلايا الليفية والكولاجين. النتائج: أظهر اختبار آنوفا ذو المسار الواحد أن عدد الخلايا الليفية وكثافة الكولاجين قد أظهر فرقا كبيرا بين كل مجموعة، وأظهرت نتائج اختبار أقل فرق معنوي أن مترونيدازول ومستخلص ورقة الكاسافا لم يكون لديه فرق كبير. الاستنتاجات: لدى مستخلص ورقة الكاسافا الإمكانية لزيادة عدد الخلايا الليفية وكثافة الكولاجين في لثة الفئران التي تعاني التهاب دواعم السن. Abstract: Objectives: Porphyromonas gingivalis, as the main etiology of periodontitis, causes inflammation in the periodontal tissue, which triggers the immune response, fibroblast decline, and collagen destruction, generating attachment loss. Fibroblasts and collagen perform a fundamental role in the repair process of periodontal tissue. This study examined the potential of cassava leaf extract in increasing the quantity of fibroblasts and collagen density in the gingiva of rats with periodontitis. Methods: A posttest-only control group was used in this study. The experiment involved 24 male Wistar rats divided into four different groups: control group, group induced by P. gingivalis and given aquadest, group induced by P. gingivalis and given metronidazole, and group induced by P. gingivalis and given cassava leaf extract. Gingival tissue was taken after euthanasia, after which histological preparations were made, and fibroblasts and collagen were observed. Results: One-way analysis of variance revealed that the collagen density and fibroblasts quantity showed a notable difference between each group (p  0.05). Conclusion: Cassava leaf extract has the potential to increase fibroblast quantity and collagen density in the gingiva of periodontitis rat models