Weight losses with low energy formula diets in obese patients with and without type 2 diabetes: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Aim: To provide a systematic review, of published data, to compare weight losses following very low calorie (<800 kcal per day VLCD) or low-energy liquid-formula (>800 kcal per day LELD) diets, in people with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: Systematic electronic searches of Medline (1946–2015) and Embase (1947–2015) to identify published studies using formula total diet replacement diets (VLCD/LELD). Random effects meta-analysis using weighted mean difference (WMD) in body weight between groups (with and without diabetes) as the summary estimate. Results: Final weight loss, in the five included studies, weighted for study sizes, (n=569, mean BMI=35.5–42.6 kg/m2), was not significantly different between participants with and without T2DM: −1.2 kg; 95% CI: −4.1 to 1.6 kg). Rates of weight loss were also similar in the two groups −0.6 kg per week (T2DM) and 0.5 kg per week (no diabetes), and for VLCD (lt;800 kcal per day) and LELD (>800 kcal per day). Conclusions: Weight losses with liquid-formula diets are very similar for VLCD and LELD and for obese subjects with or without T2DM. They can potentially achieve new weight loss/ maintenance targets of >15–20% for people with severe and medically complicated obesity

Studies on seminal prostaglandins

The lipid fraction of human semen has been separated by LH 20 Sephadex chromatography and TLC and the resulting fractions analysed by GCMS. Evidence is presented for the existence in semen of several prostaglandins, including 19 -OH PG F₁α, 19-OH PG F₂α, 8-iso 19-OH PG El, 8 -iso 19-OH PG E₂, 8 -iso PG F10, 8 -iso PG F20 , 8 -iso PG E₁ and 8-iso PG E₂. None of these compounds have previously been described in semen, and the first five have not been described from any source. Evidence is also presented for the existence of a group of prostaglandins isomeric with the dinor prostaglandins El₁, E₂, F₁α and F₂α. A method for the preparation of crystalline 19-OH PG E₁ from macaque semen is described. Evidence is presented for the existence of a pair of dihydroxy E prostaglandins, tentatively identified as 18,19 dihydroxy PG E₁ and an isomeric compound in the semen of the stump-tailed macaque. The effects of 19-OH PG E₁ on non-pregnant and pregnant human isolated myometrial strips have been studied. 19-OH PG E₁, like PG E₁, was found to relax non-pregnant strips, the equipotent molar ratio being E₁:19-OH E₁ = 1:4. 19-OH PG E₁ was also found to relax pregnant strips, unlike PG E₁, and a significant effect was demonstrated at 50 ng /ml. Examination of homogenates of the seminal vesicle of the stump tailed macaque by GCMS showed them to contain large amounts of 19-OH E prostaglandins, and these levels increased on incubation, an effect which was inhibited by indomethacin. Incubation of homogenates with radioactively-labelled eicosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid, arachidonic acid, PG E₁, PG E₂, PG F₂α or PG F₃α produced no significant incorporation of radioactivity into the 19-hydroxy prostaglandin fractions. It is concluded that the biosynthesis of 19-OH PGs takes place via a separate pathway from that leading to the classical prostaglandins. Some observations on dynamic aspects of seminal prostaglandin production in man are presented, along with the results of a study on the species distribution of the 19-hydroxy E prostaglandins

Current-Traditional Rhetoric and the Hodges Harbrace Handbook: A Study in the Disconnect Between Theory and Practice

In the 1980s and 1990s, current-traditional rhetoric (CTR) was a popular topic in rhetoric and composition scholarship as the field justified its move away from CTR in an attempt to offer more authentic and process-based forms of writing instruction. Since that time, however, scholarship on the topic has decreased, likely because scholarship has dismissed CTR as a viable composition pedagogy. Though CTR is no longer a popular topic in scholarship, it should still be addressed in scholarship because there are still writing instructors who utilize it to teach writing as a prescriptive, form-first endeavor that minimizes the role of audience and purpose. This dissertation argues that CTR still exists, and as such, should receive more attention in composition scholarship. One of the reasons that CTR still exists is because the conditions that gave rise to it still exist, but most important here is that CTR still exists because it is perpetuated through textbooks, particularly the purported best-selling textbook of all time, the Hodges Harbrace Handbook. This dissertation traces the origins of the Hodges Harbrace Handbook as well as the history of John C. Hodges, the text’s initial author, as a means of illustrating the ways that a pedagogical theory, CTR, which has been dismissed in scholarship, continues to make its way into composition classrooms. This dissertation also discusses the problematic implications of the text’s continued use in college composition classrooms and proposes public pedagogy as one possible alternative to CTR because of its ability to reintroduce the components of writing that are removed in CTR

Does Size Matter? Student Outcomes, School Size, the State of Mississippi and Its Delta Region: Implications for Socioeconomic Well-Being

The positive link between educational attainment and improved socioeconomic outcomes under the auspices of the current economic environment is essential to the survival of rural states like Mississippi, which has some of the nation\u27s lowest educational attainment and income levels. One of the most promising education policies for Mississippi is related to research on school size, district size, and positive educational outcomes among students. Smaller schools and districts are increasingly being touted as the basis for rural school reform, renewed economic development efforts in rural communities, and cost effective means to overcoming barriers poor students face in graduating high school and scoring higher on state achievement tests. However, data from Mississippi indicates school size and district may function differently in the state. This study explores school size at the high school level and at the district level, using Mississippi as a case study. It incorporates socioeconomic well-being factors associated with influencing student outcomes for the state\u27s public high schools

Tidal Modulation of Nocturnal Vertical Migration from the Benthos: A High-resolution Acoustic Analysis

Emergence-trap sampling has shown that several species living primarily on or in the sediment emerge nightly into the water column. This behavior was investigated using acoustic and traditional sampling methods. A TRACOR acoustic profiler, TAPS, was mounted on the sea bottom, looking upwards in approximately 10 m of water in the Damariscotta River estuary, Walpole, Maine. TAPS emits high-frequency (265-3000 kHz) sonar pulses and each minute measures backscatter from 12.5-cm range bins in the water column. TAPS data showed a distinct increase in backscatter in the water column most evenings, beginning around or after dusk and terminating before dawn. The duration, intensity and initiation time of this emergence pattern varied. Emergence-trap samples suggest that the acoustic signal was dominated by Neomysis Americana and Crangon septemspinosa. In addition, there appeared to be more than one emergence event per night. A higher-density emergence event occurred shortly after the highest tidal speeds, as the tidal currents were decelerating. High-density emergence events were observed at a fixed stage (approximately 3.5 - 4 hours after local slack tide) of both incoming and outgoing tides. Although emergence of hyperbenthic organisms has only been documented as occurring at night, a similar increase in backscatter was observed during the day at the same stage of the tide as nocturnal emergence events. The backscatter increase measured during the day, however, was significantly less than at night. Our acoustic results suggest that emergence is tidally modulated. They also suggest that emergence in an environment with strong tidal velocities may be more temporally complex than previous studies by non-acoustic means have been able to resolve

The Greatest is Love

THE GREATEST IS LOVE is a collection of ten short stories showing the painful manifestations of romantic relationships in the lives of contemporary American characters from many walks of life. As in the stories of D.H. Lawrence, these characters are often driven towards what may be bad for them, finding that love overrides their rational thoughts. In “The Mechanic” a woman whose legal career has left her isolated becomes irresistibly attracted to her friend’s ex-husband. Three stories center on one character, Charles, whose early failures both in college and at work lead him to become a detective, only to be tempted to betray his new calling by a woman who leads him astray. As in Italo Calvino’s Difficult Loves, the stories in THE GREATEST IS LOVE combine the pain and comedy of passion. Even when it is challenging, love offers characters irresistible glimmers of hope

Which Events Constitute Criteria A1 of PTSD? The Phenomenology of Psychological Trauma in Youth

The aim of this study was to explore the phenomenology of psychological trauma in youth. It was hypothesized that events reported as traumatic could be classified into one of seventeen trauma categories, that levels of impairment in traumatized youth would be higher than levels of impairment in non-traumatized youth, and that traumatic events reported would be differentially related to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms and types of cognitive errors. Information regarding traumas and PTSD symptoms was collected through The Child PTSD Checklist from a sample of youth aged 6 to 17. A coding system was developed for classification of traumatic events. The expression symptom and impairment levels were evaluated through parent and child report. The coding system had Cohen\u27s Kappas ranging from .78-1.00. Findings indicate that traumatized youth demonstrate higher levels of impairment than non-traumatized youth, and that traumatic events are not differentially related to PTSD symptoms or cognitive errors

The Feasibility and Idiographic Evaluation of School-Based Trauma-Focused Intervention Services in the Wake of Disaster

Youth traumatized by natural disasters report high levels of posttraumatic stress as well as other types of impairing emotional distress symptoms (e.g., anxiety and depression) for many years post-trauma. Implementing school based screening and treatment programs for these youth eliminates barriers to traditional treatment settings and may provide symptom relief. The current study examines the feasibility of conducting school-based trauma-focused treatment program in the wake of disaster. Idiographic evaluation of the treatment process is incorporated into the treatment evaluation through use of multiple baseline design. Youth reporting at least severe levels of posttraumatic stress on the PTSD-RI were recruited for an expanded assessment and treatment (youth ages 8-13; N=6). Treatment (i.e., the StArT program) consisted of 10-weekly individual sessions during which different cognitive behavioral components were introduced. Youth were assessed at pre-treatment, weekly during treatment, and at post-treatment. Quantitative and qualitative findings relative to youth responses to intervention are presented and discussed in terms of the feasibility of conducting treatment in school settings and in terms of individual difference factors contributing to treatment responses. Findings from this study suggest the feasibility of school based interventions through the aid of school counselors and integration of treatment sessions into the school schedule. Youth responses to the intervention were very positive, point toward the efficacy of a disaster trauma focused cognitive behavioral therapy (the StArT program), and help to highlight particularly useful modules in youth

Operational criteria used by professional social workers to assess relationship

Thesis (M.S.)--Boston Universit