Improved Nearness Research

In the realm of Bounded Topology we now consider supernearness spaces as a common generalization of various kinds of topological structures. Among them the so-called Lodato spaces are of significant interest. In one direction they are standing in one-to-one correspondence to some kind of topological extensions. This last statement also holds for contiguity spaces in the sense of Ivanova and Ivanov, respectively and moreover for bunch-determined nearness spaces as Bentley has shown in the past. Further, Do?tch?nov proved that the compactly determined Hausdorff extensions of a given topological space are closely connected with a class of supertopologies which he called b-supertopologies. Now, the new class of supernearness spaces—called paranearness spaces—generalize all of them, and moreover its subclass of clan spaces is in one-to-one correspondence to a certain kind of symmetric strict topological extension. This is leading us to one theorem which generalize all former mentioned

\u27It\u27s Just What You Do:\u27 Exploring Relationships Between Young-Adult Grandchildren and their Grandfathers

The grandparent role is a dynamic and often ambivalent relationship requiring simultaneous navigation of “being there” and “not interfering” in the lives of grandchildren (Mason, May, & Clarke, 2007). These relationships change as grandchildren mature and can result in new grandparent-grandchild connections based on communication, intimacy, and mutual respect (Sheehan & Petrovic, 2008). Utilizing a sample of grandfathers and young-adult grandchildren (N = 32), this study investigated the impact that grandfathers have on their young-adult grandchildren. Utilizing a life course perspective, we asked: a) How do grandfathers invest in the futures of their young-adult grandchildren? b) How do young-adult grandchildren recognize and receive their grandfather’s investments in their futures? Results suggest that grandfathers emphasized their grandparenting role but undervalued their contributions to their grandchildren. Grandfathers and grandchildren also did not always agree on the transmissions intended and received. When asked to recall meaningful memories of grandfathers, young-adult grandchildren were more likely to remember instances of shared hobbies, interests, and personal connection. Findings have implications for understanding and strengthening the ties between grandfathers and their grandchildren

Arbitrary shape surface Fresnel diffraction

Fresnel diffraction calculation on an arbitrary shape surface is proposed. This method is capable of calculating Fresnel diffraction from a source surface with an arbitrary shape to a planar destination surface. Although such calculation can be readily calculated by the direct integral of a diffraction calculation, the calculation cost is proportional to $O(N^2)$ in one dimensional or $O(N^4)$ in two dimensional cases, where $N$ is the number of sampling points. However, the calculation cost of the proposed method is $O(N \log N)$ in one dimensional or $O(N^2 \log N)$ in two dimensional cases using non-uniform fast Fourier transform

A new Concept of Convergence Space

The notion of b-convergence is presented for studying preuniform convergence spaces in the sense of Preuß (1993) and set-convergence spaces introduced by Wyler in 1989 from a common point of view. The well-known supertopologies as defined by Doitchinov in 1964 and also the filtermerotopies in the sense of Kat´etov (1965) can be integrated as well. Even the grill-defined presupernear operators, introduced by the author (1999) are contained in this new broader concept. Moreover, we discuss all the properties for describing categories in the realm of Convenient Topology, especially the properties of being cartesian closed or extensional

Fresh water reduction technologies and strategies for hydraulic fracturing : case study of the Eagle Ford shale play, Texas

textHydraulic fracturing has unlocked a tremendous resource across the United States and around the world—shale. However, these processes have also come with a myriad of potential environmental effects, including a substantial demand for water. Hydraulic fracturing can require anywhere between two and four million gallons per well. The need for such large quantities of water can produce severe stresses on local water resources. In response to this issue, operators have developed several ways to alleviate some of the stresses brought on by the extensive water use such as alternative sourcing and reuse technologies. Companies are driven to exercise these options and decrease their fresh water usage for hydraulic fracturing processes for multiple reasons, including changes in regulation, to gain support of local communities, and to increase efficiencies of operations. Whatever the motivation may be, there are a variety of options companies have at their disposal to reduce fresh water demands—dependent on specific formation characteristics, the qualities and quantities of available water, among others. The Eagle Ford shale is one of the most rapidly growing shale plays in the country. However, this formation is located in a fairly arid part of the country. Because of meager average rainfall totals, water availability to meet demand is an issue of great concern. Due to nearly exponential increases in shale production, stresses on local water supplies have dramatically increased as well. The objectives of this thesis are as follows: 1) to establish the enormous resource that has become available; while still recognizing the environmental impacts associated with development processes, focusing primarily on water requirements and associated wastewater production; 2) to break down current water demand for shale development, as well as wastewater management practices in the Eagle Ford, with a brief comparison to other shale plays across the country; 3) to obtain an understanding of operator motivation—what factors affect wastewater management strategies; and 4) to analyze techniques operators presently have at their disposal to reduce fresh water demands, specifically through the use of brackish waters and recycling/reuse efforts, and finally to quantify these efforts to evaluate potential fresh water savings.Energy and Earth Resource